1. This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this or any other of my teaching presentations without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that I have used. Thank you, Vicki Hughes Ocean Puzzle http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/oequizx/welcome.html

2. The ocean is the dominant physical feature of our planet. There is ONE World Ocean with many ocean basins. Hydrosphere:OCEANS Evaporation Precipitation How is Lake Lure connected to the ocean? Assignment: Coach Book L22

3. WORLD OCEAN This is the WORLD OCEAN. The sections of the world ocean include: 1. Pacific Ocean (largest) 2. Atlantic Ocean 3. Indian Ocean 4. Southern Ocean 5. Arctic Ocean (smallest)

4. Formation of the Oceans The oceans formed on Earth 3.8 billion years ago. The oceans originated from two sources: 1. Outgassing is the process whereby gases are released by volcanic activity. 2. Meteors carried water to Earth in the form of ice. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwVU0-2Qnso

5. Formation of the Oceans Water vapor condensed into rain that collected in low lying areas. Ice melted and joined the rainwater creating the ocean. Oceans shifted over the Earth as the plates moved together and pulled apart.

6. Ocean Exploration Oceanography = study of the ocean and its life forms Matthew Maury Published 1 st textbook on oceans HMS Challenger Ship used to study Pacific, Atlantic, & Indian oceans

7. Ocean Exploration Submersible = underwater research vessels Human and Auto-pilot types. Bathysphere = early type of submersible that remained connected to the ship.

8. Ocean Exploration Bathyscaph = submersible not connected to ship Alvin over 2000 dives holds three people discovered hydrothermal vents

9. Ocean Exploration Robot Submersible = remote controlled submersible Argo discovered remains of Titanic

10. Ocean Exploration Sonar (Sound Navigation And Ranging) Uses sound waves to study the ocean floor: 1.Sends out a continuous series of sound waves. 2.Sound waves hit the ocean floor and bounce back. 3.Ship receives bounced waves and records data.

11. The Ocean Floor Continental Shelf = zone of shallow water where the ocean covers the edge of the continent. Continental Slope = seaward edge of a continental shelf.

12. The Ocean Floor Abyssal plain = very deep flat area. Ocean trench = long narrow canyons.

13. Composition of Ocean Water Water is a powerful solvent. It can dissolve many different substances. Water’s ability to dissolve things is due to its polarity. Water’s polarity is due to its chemical structure.

14. Composition of Ocean Water Water in the ocean can dissolve all kinds of minerals. Sodium (salt) Chlorine (salt) Magnesium Calcium Sulfur Other substances Salt and minerals in the ocean come from eroding land, volcanic emissions, reactions at the sea floor, and atmospheric deposition

15. Composition of Ocean Water “Water, water, everywhere and not a drop to drink.” Coleridge Dissolved salts make up 86% of the ocean’s minerals. NaCl = Salt

16. Composition of Ocean Water Salinity refers to the concentration of salt dissolved in the water.

17. Composition of Ocean Water Buoyancy refers to the upward force of a fluid (water ) on an object. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid that is being displaced by it.

18. Composition of Ocean Water Buoyancy is the force that allows large ships to float.

19. Composition of Ocean Water As salinity increases, buoyancy increases. Floating in the Dead Sea.

20. Composition of Ocean Water The proportions of salt to water must remain at equilibrium.

21. Circulation of Ocean Water Thermohaline circulation acts to circulate energy and nutrients around the world. Thus it is often referred to as the “global conveyer belt.” This circulation controls our climates.

22. Circulation of Ocean Water The thermohaline circulation of the oceans is based on (1) the distribution of water temperatures (thermo) and (2) the distribution of salt (haline).

23. Ocean Water Currents Density Currents = ocean currents based on salinity

24. Ocean Water Currents Climate change and density currents http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuOX23yXhZ8

25. Ocean Water Currents Causes of Surface Currents: 1. Wind 2. Rotation of the Earth

26. Ocean Water Currents Coriolis Effect = distortion of paths from pole to pole due to the rotation of the Earth A hockey puck is launched from the north pole. As it heads south, the earth turns to the east, causing the puck to appear to deflect to the west as viewed by an earthbound observer. Legend: Blue: Inertial Great Circle Red: Path on rotating earth Gray: Path on stationary earth

27. Ocean Water Currents Gulf Stream = warm current that flows up the eastern seaboard of North America from the equator.

28. Ocean Water Currents Humbolt Current = cool current that flows up the western seaboard of the South America from Antarctica. Involved in activities of El Niño.

29. Ocean Water Currents El Niño = A warming of the surface water of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, occurring every 4 to 12 years and causing unusual global weather patterns. Upwelling = movement of cold, deep ocean waters to the surface http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzcKBeW44ao http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbNzw1CCKHo

30. Ocean Water in MOTION Waves = rhythmic movements that carry energy Crest = top of a wave Trough = lowest point between waves Wavelength is measured from crest to crest. Wave Height is measured from trough to crest.

31. Ocean Water in MOTION Waves in the ocean are produced by winds. Three things determine the height of waves: 1. wind speed 2. how long the wind blows 3. distance the wind travels NY CA

32. Ocean Water in MOTION Wave action also shapes the shores. http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/9_ocean_waves/activities/breaking_waves.html

33. Ocean Water in MOTION As waves approach the shore, the land pushes the wave upward. A tsunami is a giant wave that has been pushed up by the shore.

34. Ocean Water in MOTION Tides are periodic rises and falls of large bodies of water. Tides are caused by the gravitational interaction between the Earth and the Moon. Most places on Earth experience two tides a day. http://oceanexplorer.noaa. gov/edu/learning/player/l esson10.html

35. Ocean Zones The ocean is divided into zones by variations in temperature, pressure, and light. Ocean zones go from shore to open ocean… and from upper surface to ocean floor. Let’s begin with the zones going from shore to open ocean.

36. Intertidal Zone = area between low and high tides Because of wave and tidal movements the intertidal zone includes flora and fauna that can live both in and out of the water.

37. Neritic Zone = extending from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf Has well-oxygenated water, low water pressure, and relatively stable temperature and salinity levels

38. Oceanic Zone = region of open sea beyond the edge of the continental shelf Has poorly-oxygenated water, high water pressure, and changing temperatures and salinity levels

39. Ocean Zones The ocean is divided into zones by variations in temperature, pressure, and light. Now, let’s examine the zones from surface to ocean floor.

40. Vertical Ocean Water Pressure and Temperature Vertical Ocean Water Pressure and Temperature The deeper into the ocean one goes, the greater the pressure becomes and the colder the temperature becomes. The thermocline is a layer between the warmer surface waters and the deep ocean waters where the temperature changes rapidly.

41. Euphotic Zone = Uppermost layer of ocean which receives the most light (eu = true; photo = light) What important process do you think happens here? PHOTOSYNTHESIS

42. Disphotic Zone = Middle layer receiving some light. Krill http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMxY4c5SeIs

43. Aphotic Zone = Bottom layer receiving no light. http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=SyBO10VhVmc http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson03/l3la2.htm

44. Any Questions?