1. INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIAN SOCIETY

2. 1.1 The Early History Of Malaysia
Ancient (kuno) history
Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Metal Age

3. Paleolithic The characteristics: Exist 35,000 years ago Lived in caves
Main activity- collecting product & hunting
Started using stone tools
The tools simple & crude
Area- Tampan Estuary, Badak cave (Perak), Niah Cave(sarawak) & Tingkayu (sabah).

4. Mesolithic The characteristics: Exist 11,000 years ago
Live in caves, along rivers & lake
Started farming
Used more refined stone tools
Able to make earthenware
Area- Cha cave (Kelantan), Kecil cave (Pahang), Kepah Cave (Kedah), Jenderam Hilir (Selangor)

5. Neolithic The characteristic: Exist 5,000 years ago
Used more sophisticated stone tools.
Started rearing livestock
Started communicating with communities in other places
Started creating object and using accessories
Area- Cha cave(Kelantan), Madai cave(Sabah), Gamantang cave(Sabah), Tengkorak cave(sarawak)..etc

6. Metal Age The characteristic: Exist 2,500 years ago Population grew
Developed residential
Areas in wide open land near rivers
More orderly & sedentary lifestyle
Practices social customs
Area- Lang River(Selangor), Muar river(Johor),
Tembeling River(Pahang), Terengganu River (Trgnu)

7. 1.2 Protohistory Age Arise on early kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago
It proves by founding of archaeological evidence & some record from Yunan, Arab, Persians, China & India.

8. What is Malay Archipelago???
Largest group of islands in the world
located off the southeastern coast of Asia between the Indian and Pacific oceans
It consists of the more than 13,000 islands of Indonesia and some 7,000 islands of the Philippines
Principal islands include the Greater Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes), the Lesser Sundas, the Moluccas, New Guinea, Luzon, Mindanao, and the Visayan Islands.

9. Malay kingdoms in Malay Archipelago
Funan- located in Kampuchea, influence by Old Kedah religion. E.g. Pengkalan Bujang
Old Kedah- monarchy system, strategic location, important entreport, influence by Hinduism & Buddhism.
Gangga Negara – port & trade centre
Langkasuka, Patani- trade centre, influence by Hinduism & Buddhism

10. cont’d…
Chih-tu, Kelantan- influence by Buddhism, strong relationship with China
Srivijaya, Sumatera- well-known trade centre, strong relationship with China & India, centre of Buddhism & Sanskrit language, own several vassal States.
Majapahit, Jawa- Owned several vassal states, trade centre, strong relationship with China, India & the Middle East.

11. Majapahit.. Is the strongest kingdom in 13 century..but..
Its GOLDEN ERA ends after the existence of the Malay Kingdom of Malacca.

12. THE MALAY KINGDOM OF MALACCA

13. The GOLDEN AGE of Malacca.
Known as The Venice of The East
Spread of Islam
Vast territory
Strong trade relations with China & India
Empire of advance civilization

14. PROSPERITY OF MALACCA EMPIRE
Geographic- strategic location midway the trade routes between China & India, its port hidden from south-west & north-west monsoon wind, natural deep port.
Economy- centre of maritime, rich with natural resources, cheap price, low & orderly tax collection, lots of facilities
Political Administration- centre of the spread of Islam, diplomatic ties with China, efficient administrative system, Malay is lingua franca, strong military

15. Develop The Early Integration..
Existence of plural society
Existence of plurality society
Plurality in nature..
British Colonization
Existence of concept ‘Pecah Perintah’
(separation between county & religion) -

16. Effects of Colonization
British Colonization
Existence of concept ‘Pecah Perintah’
(separation between country & religion)
Separation of Power ( judiciary, executive & legislative)
Education – 3M

17. Fall of the Malacca Empire
Factors decline of Malacca Empire
internal
external

18. Internal Sultan Mahmud Syah was a week ruler
Weak administration & lack of efficient leader
Fight between Malays and Indian- Muslims.
Merchant activities decreased
Sea people do not help Malacca against Portuguese

19. External Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in south Africa
Bad attitude from outsiders
Malacca was taken by Portuguese
Internal conflicts

20. MULTIRACIAL SOCIETY Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian Population
Chinese and Indian immigrants came to Malaya after the development of the tin ore industry in 1848.
Chinese comprised merchants who settled in Malacca, Kuala Terengganu and the estuary of the Johor and Pahang rivers, while Indians were labourers in sugar cane and coffee plantations in Penang Island and Province Wellesley.

21. Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian Population (Cont’d)
According to 1870 statistics, the total population in Malaya was less than half a million
In 1921, the figure increase to 3.3 million.
In 1931, the total population of non-Malays exceeded the total population of Malays; Malays was 44.7%, non-Malays were 53.2% where 39.0% was Chinese.
By the time independence, Malays was 49.8%, Chinese was 37.2%, and Indians was 11.3% and others, 1.8%.

22. Main inhabitants of Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
Malay
Banjar
Boyan
Bugis
Jawa
Kampar
Kerinci
Mendaling
Minangkabau
Rawa
Johor-Riau
Chinese
Hokkien
Chuan-Chew
Chin-Chew
Eng-Hua
Eng-Choon
Hok-Chew
Kwantung
Kanton
Teochew
Hakka
Hailam

23. Main inhabitants of Malaysia (cont’d)
Indian
Malayali
Punjabi
Ceylonese
Tamil
Telegu
Indigenous
Negrito
Senoi
Melayu Asli (each of the stocks consists of a tribal community)

24. Sabah & Sarawak Sabah Bajau Dusun Murut Bisaya Kadayun Orang Sungai
Orang Laut
Brunei
Sarawak
Bidayuh
Bisaya
Iban
Kayan
Kedayan
Kelabit
Kenyah
Melanau
Malays
Murut
Penan
Punan

25. The Malays History of the Malays in Malaya
Most of the Malay people in Peninsular Malaya today were the descendants of people who originated from the Indonesian Archipelago.

26. The factors of the Indonesian migration to Malaya.

27. After the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the area was divided into Indonesia and Malaysia

28. Javanese
The great migration resulting from the Dutch transmigration policy, that is, the moving of people from the Island of Jawa.
The majority of them consisted of coffee and rubber plantation workers and labourers in newly opened land. It was estimated that i1930, there were 170,000 Jawa people in Singapore.
In Malaya, most of the Jawa people were concentrated in Johor (Muar, Batu Pahat and Pontian), Selangor (Kelang, Kuala Selangor, Kuala Langat) and Perak (Hilir Perak, Krian, Parit Buntar)

29. Banjar
The Banjar people originated from the district of Banjarmasin, Kalimantan
Most of them were involved in paddy planting
In 1931, the Banjar population in Malaya totalled 45,382 people
Most Banjar people lived along the coast and in river valleys such as Kerian, Parit Buntar (Perak), Sabak Bernam (Selangor) and Batu Pahat (Johor)

30. Bugis The Bugis people originated from the Sulawesi Islands
They were the business groups and in Malaya, many of them lived in Perak, Selangor, Pahang, and Johor
In Johor, the Bugis people were mostly found in the Benut, Kukup and Rengit (Batu Pahat district) areas, while in Selangor, they were mostly found in the Langat Valley, In Perak, the Bugis people were mainly merchants.

31. Boyanese The Boyan people originated from Boyan Island
The majority of them migrated to Singapore, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru and Penang Island.
They concentrated in cities because they were experts in horse-rearing.

32. Minangkabau The Minangkabau people originated from Sumatra
In Malaya, they were found mainly in Negeri Sembilan and Malacca, where they were known as followers of Adat Perpatih.
They were mostly involved in business and agriculture.

33. Economy Malays were the poorest compared to Chinese and Indians.
Many of the Malays were involved in the agricultural and traditional industries sectors that were said to have low productivity.
Most Malays live in the rural areas where the standard of living is low.
Malays are not exposed to similar opportunities as other communities living in urban areas.
The British policies had ultimately left the Malays in the rural areas and involved in traditional economic activities.
The British denied the Malays an involvement in modern economic activities largely participated by the non-Malays.

34. Politics
Malays were strong in the political sense but weak economically.
Malay and pro-Malay parties always have the most elected representation in Parliament.
Malay organization – the United Malay National Organization (UMNO).

35. Sosiocultural
Majority of Malays live in villages which the community has strong ties and strict social control.
The Malays like and have a high regard for consensus and family is the important institution fro social security.
All Malays are Muslims, but not all Muslims are Malays.

36. The Chinese
The majority of the Chinese in the country today are descendants of the Chinese immigrants who came in the nineteenth century.
Most of the Chinese in Malaya originated from Fukien, Kwangtung and Kwangsi in South China.

37. The factors that led the Chinese to migrate to Malaya

38. Cluster & Population number in 1921
- Hokkien
380,656
Consist of businessmen and shopkeepers
- Cantonese
332,307
Consist of miners and craftsmen (carpenter, cobbler and iron smith)
-Hakka
218,139
Consist of miners

39. Cluster & Population number in 1921 (cont’d)
-Teochew
130,231
Consist of shopkeepers and farmers who started sugar cane plantations in Wellesley Province and Penang Islands, and Gambier plantation and black pepper in Johor
-Hailam
68,393
Consist of restaurant owners and suppliers of household needs

40. Economy
Many of them were involved in business as merchants, businessmen, and craftsmen.
They are based on sub-ethnic groups; the Hokkiens controlled the rubber estates, while the Hainanese concentrated more on the coffee shop business.

41. Politics
MCA-the Malayan Chinese Association to protect their interests and also for self-government.
The poor Chinese began to voice their feelings through Labour Party, the People Progressive Party and the People’s Action Party.

42. Sociocultural In Malaysia, most of the Chinese are Buddhists.
They celebrate festivals based on their roots in the history and culture of society in China such as The New Year is celebrated based on the rotation of days related to planting activities.

43. The Indians
There was an Indian settlement in Malacca known as Kampung Kling. The Indians were also recognized as propagators of Islam.
The Indian population in Malaya consisted of those originating from South India (Tamil Nadu).
They Indian labourers migrated to Malaya to work in rubber and sugar cane plantations, constructing building and roads, and as a domestic helper.

44. The factors that encouraged the migration of Indians to Malaya

45. Tamil Originated from Tamil Nadu
The largest ethnic group in Malaya (80% of the whole Indian population in Malaya)
Mostly worked in the rubber and oil palm plantations. Others worked in government offices.

46. Malayali Originated from the Malabar Coast. Also known as Malabari.
Formed 7% of the total Indian population in Malaya consisting of the working and middle class.
The working class is mostly found in the plantations and the middle class, in clerical and professional employment, they are also famous for their restaurants.

47. Telegu Originated from Andhra Pradesh
Formed 4% of the total Indian population in Malaya
Mostly worked as labourers in plantations

48. Sikh Originated from Punjab
Mostly worked as police and railway station officers, security guards. Also involved in the rearing of cows. It was said that the Sikh’s bullock cart service was an important form of transport in the tin mines.
Starting from the 1920s, there were many Sikhs involved in business and the professionals fields.

49. Economy
The Chettiar groups came to Malaysia as loan providers and were not involved in other businesses. However, many of them started businesses like restaurants, hairdressing and cloth stores.
The majority of the Indians in Malaysia had low income, and was involved in low-skilled or unskilled occupations.

50. Politics
The main Indian political party in Malaysia is the MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress).
The opposition by the citizens of India against the British colonialists greatly influenced the political activities of the Indians in Malaya before World War One.

51. Sociocultural
Majority of the Indians in Malaysia from South Indian descent speak Tamil.
Every group has its own dialect, societies and religion. Most of the temples in Malaysia are Saivite temples.
The religious festivals celebrated are Thaipusam in Penang and Kuala Lumpur and Sithraparuvam in Teluk Intan and punggal or New Year festival.

52. INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF SABAH AND SARAWAK
Kadazan
The largest community, also known as the Dusun people.
Originally from Kalimantan and most of them live in the hinterland.
Concentrated in the areas of the Ranau and Tambunan Valley.

53. Bajau This community was originally from Mindanao and Sulu Island and was known as the sea people and Samal people.
Concentrated in Semporna, Kota Belud and Timbang Island in Sandakan Bay.
Murut
Live mostly in the interior such as Tenom, Rundu, and Pensiangan
A small number among them still live in long houses and are nomads

54. Sulu
Originally from the Sulu Archipelago and now concentrated in Sungai Sugut
Muslims
- Brunei
Originally from Brunei and now settled in Sabah, in Beaufort, Kimanis and Papar

55. Malay
Originally from Sumatra, they have been there since the 15th century
Live mostly along the coastal area
Muslims
Melanau
Live mostly along the Igan, Oya and Mukah rivers.
Assimilated with the Malays and practice the Malay culture.
Iban
Originally from Kalimantan (River Kapuas)
Also known as the Sea Dayaks
The largest community and live in inland areas such as along the Sungai Sekrang, Sungai Batang Lupar and Sungai Rejang
Penan
Most of them live as nomads in the woods.
Kelabit
Settled mainly in the area of the rivers Baram and Rejang
The most famous of their villages is Bario
Some of them still live in long houses

56. ABORIGINES

57. Negrito -Kensiu , Kintak , Jahai , Lanoh , Mendriq , Bateq
Found in Kedah, Perak, Kelantan and Pahang.
Small body Frame, Dark colored skin, Large nose,Curly hair
Activities: Cultivation and collecting forest products
Live near the edge of the jungle, along the banks of rivers

58. Senoi Semai, Temiar, Jahut, Che Wong , Mahmeri, Semoq Beri
Found in Perak, Kelantan, Selangor, Pahang, Terengganu
Taller than Negritos, Dark colored skin
Activities: Shifting cultivation
Settlement areas: Hills, away from the coast.

59. Melayu Asli
Temuan , Semelai, Jakun, Kanaq People, Kuala People, Seletar People
Found in Selangor, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Johore.
Larger and taller than Negritos, Dark colored skin, Straight and black hair
Farming,Fisherman
Settlements areas: Close to Malay villages

60. UNITY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION

61. Concepts of Unity and Integration
National unity generally refers to the uniting of various groups that have different social and cultural backgrounds, into one physical entity.

62. Ethnic Relations in Malaysia
The country is a multi-racial society that has successfully created peace and become a model of a calm and peaceful plural society for other countries.

63. The Theory of Racial Relations
The relation between races can be seen from the degree of ‘nearness’ beginning with relations that are apart to relations that are close.
The processes portray how minority groups become part of the main stream of a society.

64. The Theory of Racial Relations (Cont’d)
Segregation – Split the area of the residence, the school system, transportation, public facilities and others among the ethnic groups in a country by law (de jure) or not based on law (de facto).
Accomodation – The ethnic groups aware of each other’s norms and values but they continue to safeguard their own living culture. Each ethnic group sends a representative who represents his own group and sometimes they are mutually dependent on one another.
Acculturation – Known as cultural assimilation. Process of borrowing or accepting the cultural elements of the majority group, without changing the original cultural elements.

65. The Theory of Racial Relations (Cont’d)
Assimilation – Known as structural assimilation. The concept of assimilation is about the entry into a dominant society through friendship and close connection.
Amalgamation – Happens when culture or race mixes to form types of new culture and race. e.g.: inter-marriage between ethnic groups or races.

66. History of Ethnic Relations
Before a society achieves the stage of integration, it usually goes through five stages of change.
- Stage of co-existence:
The people in same area rarely communicate and contact between them is limited to matters of necessity only.
-Stage of frequent external contact:
Gradually frequent contact among the communities occurred, but the contact was still unable to establish an understanding among them.

67. History of Ethnic Relations
- Stage of compromise:
Communities’ conscious of their common interest and usually compromise takes place in the economic and political area.
- Stage of unity:
The communities in the society compromise and cooperate as much as possible, there is the tendency for them to live unite in many ways
- Stage of integration:
Cooperation among races and they share the same values create a sense of belonging and strong ties among them.

68. National Integration Problems
Prejudice
Pre-judgment action or attitude towards other groups or races.
Communalism
Attitude of favouring one’s own ethnic community. Lead to social gaps between ethnic.
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one’s own culture is superior to that of others.

69. Causes and Reinforcing Obstacles to Integration
Ignorance of other ethnic groups
Limited or lack of understanding of the way of life, the living conditions and the problems of other races.
Socialization only within ethnic groups
Process of socialization of one ethnic group cannot be exposing to other cultural elements.
Communal Politics
Each community still has their own racial political party to voice the feelings and demands of their community.

70. Causes and Reinforcing Obstacles to Integration( Cont’d)
Socio-economic difference
The socio-economic differences among the ethnic groups still obvious and led to jealousy and suspicious.
Cultural Differences
Different cultures could spark off feelings of prejudice, racism, and ethnocentricism.
Segregation or Physical Separation
Physical segregation results in an ethnic group not knowing another ethnic group.

71. THE STRIFE TOWARDS UNITY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION
Political Efforts
Actions through the legislative system – laws and acts are made by Parliament to settle the problem related to unity.
The Constitution contains a number of clauses oriented towards racial equality, such as allocations that provide protection to certain communities.

72. Political Efforts (Cont’d)
The Seditions Act aimed at preventing an individual from raising sensitive issues in public.
The Internal Security Act (ISA) is aimed at protecting the country’s interests and internal security.
The Alliance, the Barisan Nasional unites all the parties into one bigger multi-racial organization.

73. Economic Efforts
Government took some measures and recorded in the five-year plan and government development policies to have economic equity among the races and to reduce the identification of race by economic activity.
Creating Malay entrepreneurs by giving loans, license and work contracts.

74. Economic Efforts (Cont’d)
Government encourages the bumiputra community to buy government shares and property like MARA.
Creating industrial zones to give employment opportunities to the bumiputra community.
Government encourages foreign investors to invest in the country.

75. Social and Cultural Efforts
The government encourages the sharing of values among the races.
In 1971, the government introduces the concept of National Culture to create a national identity for the plural society of Malaysia.
The Malay language was used as the official language and also the national system of education.
The government sets up agencies and organizations such as KEMAS to develop racial unity.

76. THE BASIS OF RACIAL UNITY IN MALAYSIA

78. METHOD TO ACHIEVE NATIONAL INTEGRATION

79. Methods for Socio-psychological Development

80. Methods for Socio-economic Development

81. The End…