7. Stearic acid (C18)

8. Oleic acid

9.  fatty acids ALA Essential  3

10. tight packing

11. less stable aggregates (lower melting point)

13. Adipocytes showing huge fat droplets that virtually fill the cells

14. cotyledon cell from a seed

15. It contains a complex mixture of lipid that is liquid (less dense) at 37°C, begin to cristallize at 31°C and it is solid (more dense) below 31°C

16. Fatty acid composition of three food fats

17. Many fast foods are deep-fried in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and therefore contain high levels of trans fatty acids

18. Triacontanoylpalmitate waxes Ester bond

21. L-Glycerol 3-phosphate, the backbone of phospholipids

22. Glycerophospholipids

24. Ether lipids H ethanolammine

25. choline Ether lipids

26. Sphingolipids

27. similarities in shape and molecular structure of phosphatidylcholine (a glycerophospholipid) and sphingomyelin (a sphingolipid) are clear when their space- filling and structural formulas are drawn as here.

29. The polar head of many gangliosides

30. Glycosphingolipids as determinants of blood groups

31. The specificities of phospholipases Phospholipids and Sphingolipids Are Degraded in Lysosomes

32. Pathways for the breakdown of GM1, globoside, and sphingomyelin to ceramide. A defect in the enzyme hydrolyzing a particular step is indicated by the partial breakdown product is noted.

33. Ceramide Sphingosine Growth arrest Apoptosis Proliferation IMPORTANT ALSO FOR SKIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

35. Necrosis: a pathological response to cellular injury Apoptosis: a physiological response to specific suicide signals, or lack of survival signals Chromatin clumps Chromatin condenses and migrates to nuclear membrane. Internucleosomal cleavage leads to laddering of DNA at the nucleosomal repeat length, ca. 200 bp. Mitochondria swell and ruptureCytoplasm shrinks without membrane rupture Plasma membrane lysesBlebbing of plasma and nuclear membranes Cell contents spill out Cell contents are packaged in membrane bounded bodies, internal organelles still functioning, to be engulfed by neighbours. General inflammatory response is triggered Epitopes appear on plasma membrane marking cell as a phagocytic target. No spillage, no inflammation www.chembio.uoguelph.ca

40. Sphingolipids Contain sphingosine, a long-chain amino alcohol Found in plants and animals Abundant in nervous system Has structural similarity to phospholipids –Ceramide tells cells to undergo apoptosis –Sphingosine tells cells to grow, divide and migrate Remove Phosphoethanolamine

41. cholesterol A fatty acid is esterified For storage or transport

42. detergents in the intestine

43. Glycerophoepholipid that act as intracellular messengers

44. Arachidonic acid Eicosanoids Carry Messages to Nearby Cells

45. Arachidonic acid is the precursor of eicosanoids, including the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

46. PROSTAGLANDINS stimulate contraction of the smooth muscle during menstruation and labor Affect blood flow and wake-sleep cycle Affect responsiveness to hormones TROMBOXANES Produced by plateletes, are involved in blood clot formation Affect blood flow LEUKOTRIENES stimulate contraction of smooth muscles

47. Steroids derived from cholesterol

48. Many of the plant volatiles are derived from isoprene

49. Cholesterol is made from acetyl-CoA Mevalonate formation is the first stage of cholesterol synthesis

50. Mevalonate is converted to isoprene- containing molecules

51. Isoprenoids are precursors for several important biomolecules

52. Vitamin D production

54. Vitamin A1 and its precursor and derivatives