1. Argumentation

2. What is argumentation? Argumentation is an appeal to reason.
It is a reasoned, logical way of presenting a position, belief, or conclusion.
It takes a stand—supported by evidence— and urges people to share the writer’s perspective and insights.

3. What is the purpose of argumentation?
The purpose is:
To consider all viewpoints
What you expect your argument to accomplish
How you wish your audience to respond

4. The structure:
An introduction with a clear thesis or claim (remember the thesis must be debatable and can be tested with an antithesis)
A clear sense of purpose and audience (why are you writing this and to whom/what are you writing?)
Evidence – facts and opinions
Appeals – facts, emotions, credibility
Nods to the opposition and then refutation to it

5. Four Criteria to Evaluate Evidence:
Relevance: information should support the thesis/claim being made and support the argument.
Representative : evidence should represent your side and the opposing side. Just make sure most of your information is about your position.

6. Criteria continued
3. Sufficient: there should be enough evidence to support the claim. The amount of evidence you need depends on -length of the paper -your audience -your thesis statement 4. Accuracy: Data shouldn’t be used unless it is accurate and up-to-date.

7. Acknowledging the Opposition
A writer acknowledges the points of view of those that do not agree with him/her in order to refute that position. When an argument is so compelling that it cannot be dismissed you should concede. This means to admit that it is valid.

8. How do you get to a conclusion?
You move from evidence to a conclusion by using deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning.
Most arguments use both types of reasoning.
Deductive reasoning: proceeds from general to specific
Syllogism: basic form of deductive argument and consists of a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion.
When a conclusion follows logically from the major to minor premise then the argument is valid.
Inductive reasoning: moves from individual observations to a general conclusion (no specific form)
First, decide on a question to be answered: hypothesis.
Gather evidence that is relevant to the question.
Move from your evidence to your conclusion by making an inference.

9. Recognizing Fallacies
Fallacies are illogical statements that may sound reasonable but are actually deceptive and dishonest.
The following are common fallacies you should both recognize and avoid:

10. Fallacies
Begging the question: this tactic asks the readers to agree that certain points are self-evident when they are not
False Analogy: a comparison that ignores important dissimilarities between what is being compared
Personal Attack: tries to divert attention from the facts of the argument by attacking the person making the argument
Generalizations: sometimes called jumping to conclusion – occurs when a conclusion is based off too little evidence

11. Fallacies Either/Or: writers suggest only two alternative exist
Equivocation: the meaning of a key term changes at some point in the argument
Red Herring: the focus of the argument is shifted
You Also: the opponent’s argument has no value because the opponent does not follow his/her own advice
Appeal to Doubtful Authority: attempt to strengthen an argument with references to experts or famous people – not valid when the person referenced has no expertise on the subject.

12. More fallacies!
Misleading statistics: statistics that are distorted or misinterpreted to influence the audience
Post hoc: because two events occur close together in time the first must cause the second
Non sequitur: a statement does not logically follow form a previous statement