1. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD 14 ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT JOHN W. SANTROCK 3e

2. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-2 CHAPTER OUTLINE Personality theories and adult development Stability and change Close relationships

3. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-3 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT Adult stage theories The life-events approach Stress and personal control in midlife Contexts of midlife development

4. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-4 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT Adult stage theories Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation Generativity : Adults’ desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation Stagnation : Develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation Generativity can be developed in a number of ways Biological generativity Parental generativity Work generativity Cultural generativity

5. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-5 FIGURE 14.1 - LEVINSON’S PERIODS OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT

6. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-6 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT Adult stage theories Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life Teens – Transition from dependence to independence 20s are a novice phase of adult development 30s are a time for focusing on family and career development By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult

7. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-7 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT Transition to middle adulthood lasts - Conflicts Being young versus being old Being destructive versus being constructive Being masculine versus being feminine Being attached to others versus being separated from them

8. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-8 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT How pervasive are midlife crises? The 40s are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adult years Only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis

9. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-9 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT The life-events approach Contemporary life-events approach : How life events influence the individual’s development depends on: Life event itself Mediating factors Individual’s adaptation to the life event Life-stage context Sociohistorical context

10. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-10 FIGURE 14.2 - A CONTEMPORARY LIFE-EVENTS FRAMEWORK FOR INTERPRETING ADULT DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE

11. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-11 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT The life-events approach Drawbacks Life-events approach places too much emphasis on change It may not be life’s major events that are the primary sources of stress Daily experiences

12. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-12 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT Stress and personal control in midlife Middle-aged adults experience more “overload” stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once Developmental changes in perceived personal control Some aspects of personal control increase with age while others decrease

13. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-13 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT Stress and gender Fight-or-flight : When men experience stress: Become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol Tend-and-befriend : When women experience stress: Seek social alliances with others, especially female friends Contexts of midlife development Historical contexts (Cohort effects) Social clock : Timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life’s tasks

14. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-14 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT Cultural contexts The concept of middle age is unclear or absent in many cultures Middle age like for women - Depends on the modernity of the culture and the culture’s view of gender roles Middle-aged women in nonindustrialized societies experience certain advantages

15. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-15 STABILITY AND CHANGE Longitudinal studies Conclusions

16. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-16 STABILITY AND CHANGE Longitudinal studies Costa and McCrae’s Baltimore Study - Focused on the big five factors of personality

17. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-17 FIGURE 14.3 - THE BIG FIVE FACTORS OF PERSONALITY

18. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-18 STABILITY AND CHANGE Berkeley Longitudinal Studies Intellectual orientation, self-confidence, and openness to new experience were the more stable traits Characteristics that changed the most Extent to which individuals were nurturant or hostile Whether or not they had good self-control

19. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-19 STABILITY AND CHANGE George Vaillant’s studies Conducted: Sample of 268 socially advantaged Harvard graduates born about 1920 Sample of 456 socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930 Sample of 90 middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910

20. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-20 FIGURE 14.4 - LINKS BETWEEN CHARACTERISTICS AT AGE 50 AND HEALTH AND HAPPINESS AT AGE 75 TO 80

21. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-21 STABILITY AND CHANGE Conclusions Personality traits continue to change during the adult years, vinto late adulthood Cumulative personality model : With time and age, people: Become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that: Promote the stability of personality

22. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-22 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS Love and marriage at midlife The empty nest and its refilling Sibling relationships and friendships Grandparenting Intergenerational relationships

23. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-23 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS Love and marriage at midlife Security, loyalty, and mutual emotional interest are more important in middle adulthood Most married individuals are satisfied with their marriages during midlife Divorce in middle adulthood may be more positive in some ways, more negative in others

24. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-24 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS The empty nest and its refilling Empty nest syndrome : Decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave the home Parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children Refilling of empty nest is a common occurrence Loss of privacy

25. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-25 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS Sibling relationships and friendships Sibling relationships may be extremely close, apathetic, or highly rivalrous Friendships that have endured over the adult years tend to be deeper

26. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-26 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS Grandparenting Grandparent roles and styles Three prominent meanings Source of biological reward and continuity Source of emotional self-fulfillment Remote role The changing profile of grandparents Most common reasons are divorce, adolescent pregnancies, and parental drug use Full-time grandparenting has been linked to health problems, depression, and stress

27. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-27 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS Intergenerational relationships Middle-aged adults express responsibility between generations Midlife adults play important roles in the lives of the young and the old Relationships between aging parents and their children: Characterized by ambivalence

28. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14-28 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS Gender differences characterize intergenerational relationships Mothers and daughters have closer relationships during their adult years Married men are more involved with their wives’ families than with their own Grandparent-grandchild relationships more influential than fathers’