1. ARCHEOLOGY

2. Archeology is the study of the ancient ~ objects of the past
Archeology is the study of the ancient ~ objects of the past. Archeologist study the remains of ancient human societies and cultures such as buildings, artwork, tools, pottery, etc. Archeologists use aerial photography to decide where to begin their excavations. They hope to uncover artifacts, ruins, and other archeological evidence. Archeologists then take their findings and try to analyze and date their findings. Archeologists hope that the artifacts found may give clues as to how ancient peoples built, traded, lived, and worshipped.

4. ARCHEOLOGICAL SPECIALISTS
Archeologist – studies the past
Botanist – studies plants
Chemists – study substances and date things
Geologist – studies rocks and the earth
Linguist – studies languages and writing
Paleoanthropologist – studies skeletal remains

5. TIMELINES
Timelines record major events and display when the events happened. You need to remember the following things when using timelines.
Timelines present a chronological record that displays events from left to
right. Events on the left of a timeline happened before the events on the right
on a timeline.
Timelines use two time periods. BCE (Before the Common Era) goes on the
left of the timeline and makes up all of the years before the year of Christ’s
birth. CE (Common Era) goes on the right of the timeline and refers to all of
the years from the year of Christ’s birth to the present day. CE and BCE are
sometimes referred to as AD and BC, respectively. BCE and CE are the
modern system. Only BCE (BC) years have anything written after them, BCE (BC).
Timelines are always divided into equal parts or time periods. Some are divided
into 10 year periods (Decades), others into 100 year periods (Centuries), and some
into 1000 year periods (Millenniums), etc.
Specific dates of many events in history are either inexact or unknown. To show
events that appear on a timeline that we do not know the exact date for, the Latin
word CIRCA is used. Circa means “about” and is abbreviated “c” which is written
before the event’s date.

6. READING A TIMELINE
2000 BCE
2000
4000 years 40 4

7. TIMELINES CROSSWORD Decade Thousand Christ Events Circa Right Add
Century
Down
Common Era
BCE
Eras AD
Date
Equally

8. DATING METHODS

11. History before writing.
PRE-HISTORY
History before writing.

12. TYPES OF SOURCES Written Sources – books, letters, diaries, written
speeches/songs/poems records, calendars, maps, etc.
Non-Written Sources – fossils, jewelry, tools, coins, toys, cities, oral traditions
Primary Source – something produced during the same time period as the event
Secondary Source – materials created after the event which are based on the original (primary) source

13. The 5 questions asked to evaluate any source
1) What kind of source is it?
2) Who made the source?
3) Where was the source produced/made?
4) When was the source made?
5) Why was the source made?

14. Surplus and Scarcity

15. Hunters and Gatherers

19. Hunter-Gatherer :
a person who gets food by hunting animals and gathering wild plants, nuts, roots, and berries.

20. HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS

21. Homo Heidelbergensis first to use fire
lived and traveled in groups of 20-30
made very simple tools
traveled and moved around a lot

22. Neanderthals

23. Neanderthals lived in groups of 20-50 people
cared for others in their community
had burials and believed in an afterlife
traveled some

24. Cro-Magnon

25. Cro-Magnon looked like us more advanced tools –
fishing nets, bows and arrows, spear throwers
created artwork –
cave paintings and small sculptures
traveled very little

28. MIGRATION OF EARLY PEOPLE

29. PALEOLITHIC LIFE TO NEOLITHIC LIFE

30. FOOD SUPPLY PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE
hunting animals and gathering plants
agriculture:
growing plants and raising animals
people didn’t have to move
people could settle in one area
agriculture increased the reliable food supply

31. OCCUPATIONS PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE finding food
farming, cloth/clothes makers,
builders, tool makers, miners
many more activities to be involved in
people were developing special skills/abilities

32. RESOURCES PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE
only used things around them
used things around them and traded with others
grew in resources and technology (tools and ideas)
brought people together from many different areas
improved living conditions

33. SHELTER PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE
temporary tent or rock shelters
permanent long lasting mud brick homes
more comfortable and stable lifestyle
homes had added features, such as, rooms, ovens, basins, etc.

34. POPULATION/SETTLEMENT
PALEOLITHIC
NEOLITHIC
EFFECTS ON
DAILY LIFE
temporary settlements for people
permanent settlements for thousands
population grew
people could share responsibilities
improved food and living conditions
burial grounds

35. TECHNOLOGY PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC EFFECTS ON DAILY LIFE
crude stone tools, rough animal skin clothing, grass baskets
Sharp stone and metal tools, clothing of wool, cotton, and silk, used pottery and made jewelry
began to use metals - - copper and gold - - and clay
quality and comfort of life improved

38. MESOPOTAMIA

39. What does Mesopotamia mean?
2) What two rivers are found in Mesopotamia?
3) Northern Mesopotamia (the land north and west of the city of Hit) is a
which is
Southern Mesopotamia (the land south and east of the city of Hit) is a
which is a
4) What is another name for southern Mesopotamia?
5) Describe what Sumer and the Sumerians were like.
SUMER SUMERIANS
6) What methods did the ancient Sumerians use to adapt to southern Mesopotamia?
7) Use your textbook to list the five modern day countries Mesopotamia was located in?
the land between the rivers
Tigris and Euphrates
plateau
an elevated area of flat land
plain
broad area of flat, open land
Sumer
*harsh environment *summers were very hot with little rain *spring and fall it flooded
*farmers, city dwellers, traders, artists, builders, priests *had writing system *had city-states *changed their environment to live there
to control flooding they developed lakes and ponds
to moisten the dry land they created an irrigation system of dams, gates, and canals
Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Turkey, and Iran