1. ~ ~ Intro to Thermoelectrics ~ ~ Hot Cold + + -

2. Thermoelectric Effects S=Voltage response per  T [V/K] n Hot Cold V OC + p Seebeck Coeff, S Thermocouple

3. Thermoelectric Effects I n Hot Cold Load + I I I p Power Generation S=Voltage response per  T [V/K] n Hot Cold V OC + p Seebeck Coeff, S Thermocouple

4. Thermoelectric Effects I n Hot Cold Load + I I I p Power Generation S=Voltage response per  T [V/K] n Hot Cold V OC + p Seebeck Coeff, S Thermocouple I n Hot Cold Power Supply + I I I p Refrigeration Peltier Coeff,   = Heat removed per charge [J/C]  /T = S =Entropy per charge [J/K per C]

5. Characteristics of TED Performance Seebeck Coeff. (~heat carried per charge) electrical conductivity thermal conductivity (heat leakage) Figure of Merit Efficiency as Heat Engine T h =600  C, T c =20  C ZT Efficiency Hot Cold Load +

6. Energy Flows in the US EIA / LLNL Units of ExaJoules / yr: 1 EJ = 10 18 J. Fossils: Global Warming Total: 3.2 x 10 12 W 54 kg of CO 2 per person-day 1.0 GJ per person-day Imports: Security 5.4 L of oil per person-day  38% effic.

8. Thermoelectric Applications Power Generation Temperature Control Space Probe: long life PCR Optoelectronics (Melcor) Fairbanks (DEER2006) Energy Scavenging...? "Climate Controlled Seat" (Amerigon / BSST)

9. Two BMW images from Jeff Snyder's website. Energy Flows in a Car

10. Urban cycle 30 mph avg, 22 mpg. Fueleconomy.gov; F. Stabler, GM. DOE Thermoelectrics Workshop 2004. Radiator Combustion T H  450 - 650 C 40% 30% 25% 5% 12.5 kW Engine  =30 % Gasoline 50 kW Driveline Losses Propulsion & Accessories 15 kW 2.5 kW 12.5 kW 22 mpg Exhaust Gas 20 kW

11. Energy Flows in a Car Exhaust Gas Radiator Driveline Losses Engine  =30 % Combustion Gasoline 50 kW 20 kW 15 kW 2.5 kW 30% 25% 5% 37.9 kW 11.4 kW 1.9 kW 3.0 kW 9.5 kW 40% TE Waste Heat Scavenging  =20% 12.2 kW Propulsion & Accessories 12.5 kW 22 mpg 29 mpg T H  450 - 650 C