1. Tooth Types Examine the teeth in the shark jaw.
Where do the teeth grow?
Compare the shark teeth to the slide of placoid scales.
View the drawings of acrodont, pleurodont and thecodont teeth.
How does tooth structure relate to an animals method of eating?

2. Modified Scales Chondrichthyes
1 Placoid Scales
2 Teeth
3 Mouth

3. Acrodont Some Osteichthyes

4. Pleurodont Amphibians Reptiles

5. Thecodont Crocodilians Mammals Some Osteichthyes

6. Molar Structure
Examine the drawings of secodont and selenodont teeth and compare them to the teeth found in the dog/cat and deer skulls.
Which has secodont teeth? Selenodont?
How are secodont and selenodont teeth used?

7. Selenodont Molars Ruminants
Pink – enamel ridge

8. Secodont Molars Carnivores

9. Tooth Pattern
Identify the following tooth types in the deer, dog/cat and rat jaws.
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Which teeth are missing in the deer? Rat? Why?
How are the dog/cat premolars structured for eating meat?

10. Tooth Pattern Rodent I
I Incisors
C Canine
P Premolar
M Molar

11. Tooth Pattern Ruminant
I Incisors
C Canine
P Premolar
M Molar

12. Tooth Pattern Carnivore
I Incisors
C Canine
P Premolar
M Molar

13. Skull Structure Anapsids are ancestral to both diapsids and synapsids.
Locate the temporal openings on the skulls before you.

14. Skull Structure Anapsid
Lacks temporal opening
Example: Turtles

15. Skull Structure Synapsid
Single Temporal Opening
Pelycosaur
Extinct mammal ancestors
Modern Mammals

16. Skull Structure Diapsid1 2
Two Temporal Openings 1 2
Examples: Reptiles, Birds, Crocodiles

17. Rib Cage Compare the ribcage of the pigeon, rat and frog.
How do the differences in their ribcages relate to locomotion?
How do the differences in their ribcages relate to the way they breath?

18. Forelimbs Identify the following on the frog, bird and cat skeletons.
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
How do the structures above differ among the organisms?

19. Circulatory System
Compare the blood flow through a two, three and four chambered heart.
Identify the chambers of each heart.
Which diagram best describes the blood flow through and amphibian larva?
Vertebrates with three chambered hearts evolved partitions in the ventricle and in a structure called the conus arteriosus to help keep oxygenated blood separate from deoxygenated blood. See drawing.

20. Evolution of Blood Circulation Fish

21. Evolution of Blood Circulation Lungfish Gill-Breathing Amphibians

22. Evolution of Blood Circulation Conus Arteriosus of FrogRA LA V

23. Evolution of Blood Circulation Crocodilians Birds Mammals

24. Digestive Tracts Why does the shark lack a large intestine?
Describe structures that increase surface area in the shark and pig intestine? How are they different/same?
Why does the frog need much less surface area in its intestine compared with the shark and pig?

25. Pig Digestive Tract

26. Frog Digestive Tract

27. Shark Digestive Tract

28. Digestive Tract Key Esophagus Stomach Duodenum Intestine
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Colon
Rectum
IC Cecum
IL Ileum
P Pyloric Sphincter

29. Brain Structure
Look at the figures of the brain and note the relative size of each of the labeled regions.
Which organism uses sight as its primary sense?
Which organism uses smell as its primary sense?
The mammal and the bird cerebellum are proportionally about the same size. However, the mammal’s cerebellum is more convoluted. How does this make their cerebellums different?
Look at the wet mount of vertebrate brains.
What region of the cat brain is much larger than the rest of the organisms?
What is the purpose of the enlarged region?
What is the purpose of the convolutions?

30. Brain Structure Bird Cerebellum Cerebrum Medulla Optic Tectum
Olfactory Lobe
Optic Tectum
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Medulla

31. Brain Structure Mammal
Olfactory Lobe
Optic Tectum
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla

32. Brain Structure Amphibian
Olfactory Lobe
Optic Tectum
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla

33. Brain Structure Shark Olfactory Lobe Optic Tectum Cerebrum Cerebellum
Medulla