1. Thermodynamics

2. Temperature

3. What is temperature? Temperature is what we measure with a thermometer. What is a thermometer? A thermometer is any devise that has an observable and measurable property that changes in response to a change in the temperature of the device… Thermometric Property How does a thermometer measure temperature? The operation of a thermometer is based on the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics A thermometer can only measure its own temperature.

4. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics “If two objects initially at different temperatures are placed in thermal contact, their temperatures will change until they are at the same equilibrium temperature” This condition is called thermal equilibrium.” thermal equilibrium reached

5. To measure the temperature of an object a thermometer is placed in thermal contact with the object. Once the thermometer and object have reached thermal equilibrium it can be assumed that the temperature of the thermometer is equal to the temperature of the object. How do we measure the temperature of the thermometer? It must be calibrated with systems whose temperatures are known or defined. Two systems that are commonly used are: 1. A mixture of ice and water. 2. Boiling water

6. These systems are used because it has been observed that as long as ice and water are present together the temperature remains constant, and as long as water is boiling its temperature remains constant. The temperature of a mixture of ice and water is defined to be: 0 degrees Celsius, 0°C or 32 degrees Fahrenheit, 32°F. The temperature of boiling water is defined to be: 100 degrees Celsius, 100°C or 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 212°F. Consider the calibration of a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

7. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer The thermometric property is the height of the liquid in the capillary As the temperature of the thermometer changes, the liquid in the reservoir expands or contracts causing the level of the liquid in the capillary to rise or fall. Once the temperature of the thermometer becomes constant the level of the liquid will be constant. What temperature corresponds to this level of liquid?

8. Calibration of a Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer Insert the thermometer into a container holding a mixture of ice and water and wait for thermal equilibrium to be reached. Height of liquid has fallen. Place a “mark” on the thermometer where the liquid stopped moving and label with the defined temperature of ice/water (0°C or 32°F) Thermal Equilibrium reached

9. Insert the thermometer into a container holding boiling water and wait for thermal equilibrium to be reached. Height of liquid has risen. Source of heat To keep water boiling Place a “mark” on the thermometer where the liquid stopped moving and label with the defined temperature of boiling water (100°C or 212°F) Thermal Equilibrium reached

10. Determine how the height of the liquid relates to the temperature. The space between the two marks can be divided into equally spaced divisions: 100 divisions for Celsius (each division = 1C°) or 180 divisions for Fahrenheit (each division = 1F°).

11. Temperature Scales

12. Temperature Conversions Celsius to Fahrenheit Fahrenheit to Celsius Celsius to Kelvin Kelvin to Celsius

13. Example Convert 77K (temperature of liquid nitrogen) to Fahrenheit.