1. Overview of Inertial Fusion Energy Technology Activities Mark Tillack July 3, 2001 CIEMAT, Madrid 1.Overview of IFE activities in the US 2. Overview of IFE activities at UCSD 3.Optics damage studies at UCSD

2. IFE research is coordinated between several distinct program elements

3. OFES R&D focuses on two chamber types HYLIFE-II: Thick-Liquid-Wall Chamber SOMBRERO: Dry-Wall Chamber Different scales First wall radius: HYLIFE-II = 3.5 m SOMBRERO = 6.5 m Georgia Institute of Technology (GT) Idaho National Environmental & Engineering Lab (INEEL) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) University of California: –Berkeley (UCB), Los Angeles (UCLA), San Diego (UCSD) University of Wisconsin – Madison (UW)

4. IFE chamber research funded by OFES Dry-wall chamber research Thick-liquid-wall chamber research Driver/chamber interface –heavy-ion drivers –laser drivers IFE safety and environmental studies

5. Dry-wall chambers: key features and issues SOMBRERO Key Issue: Chamber Lifetime. Can the first wall be protected from x-ray and debris damage? Can first wall and blanket structures tolerate the effects of neutron damage for an acceptably long time and be designed for economical replacement? Low pressure (< 0.5 Torr), high-Z gas (Xe) protects first wall from short-ranged target emissions Low activation structures (C/C composites and/or SiC) Flowing Li 2 O granules serve as breeder and coolant Modular blanket for ease of replacement Suited for direct-drive targets

6. Thick-liquid-wall chambers: key features and issues HYLIFE-II Thick liquid “pocket” shields chamber structures from neutron damage and reduces activation Oscillating jets dynamically clear droplets near target No blanket replacement required, increases chamber availability Suited for indirect-drive targets Key Issue: Chamber Clearing. Can the liquid pocket and beam port protection jets be made repetitively without interfering with beams? Will vapor condensation, droplet clearing and flow recovery occur fast enough to allow pulse rates of ~ 6 Hz?

7. Driver/chamber interface: heavy ion drivers Final focus magnets Shielding and vacuum pumping Main flibe pocket jets Crossing jets for beam ports Injector manifolds Key Issue: Self-consistent design. Can superconducting final focusing magnet arrays be designed consistent with chamber and target solid angle limits for the required number of beams, standoff distance to the target, magnet dimensions and neutron shielding thickness? HYLIFE-II with ~ 200 beams

8. Driver/chamber interface: laser drivers Key Issue: Protection and survival. Can final optics be adequately protected from x- rays, debris and dust and survive laser and neutron damage for more than one year before replacement? Will final optics have sufficient mechanical stability under pulsed operation to maintain the required pointing accuracy for target tracking? Two primary options are being considered for the final optic: 1. Grazing incidence metal mirrors 2. Transmissive refractive optics Si 2 O or CaF 2 wedges Grazing incidence mirrors

9. Safety and environmental studies Leak Filtered Dried Schematic of MELCOR Capabilities Flow between volumes considers friction, form losses and chocking Heat transfer to structures Conservation of mass, momentum and energy for both liquid and vapor phases Considers non-condensible gas effects Aerosol transport and deposition Suppression pools, heat exchangers, valves, pumps, etc. Key Issues: Power Plants: Can a level of safety be achieved so that a public evacuation plan is not required (< 10 mSv (1 rem) site boundary dose) for credible accident scenarios? Thick-Liquid-Wall Chambers: Can radioactive hohlraum materials be recovered from flibe and recycled in new targets? Dry-Wall Chambers: Can replaced chamber materials be recycled to minimize annual waste volumes? Can tritium retention in candidate materials (C/C composites, SiC) be maintained at an acceptable level?

10. Goals of the High Average Power Laser Program Long term goal: Develop science & technologies required for Inertial Fusion Energy Focussed on direct drive with lasers Builds upon recent advances in target design & lasers Complementary technologies (target fab/injection, chambers, final optics) Short term goal: Science & technologies for a rep-rate laser/target/chamber system for DP needs Study detailed properties of matter relevant to DP Rep-rate allows extremely accurate and flexible experiments Complement high energy single shot facilities Achieving these goals requires development as a coherent, integrated system Spin offs: Advanced laser technologies Robust, high damage threshold optics Advanced pulsed power systems Target/ chamber/ final optics development for the NIF Development of directed energy technologies High quality science

11. The elements of the High Average Power Laser Program 2. Target Fabrication GA: Fab, charac, mass production LANL: Adv mat, target fab, DT inventory Schafer: Foams, cryo layering 6. Chambers Wisconsin: Dry wall, safety, integrate design LLNL: Other walls, target yield, neut damage UCSD: Chamber clearing, materials SNL et al: Materials resp to x-rays & ions 1. Direct Drive Target Designs NRL- Nike Program LLNL: Yield spectrum Wisconsin- Yield spectrum 3. Target Injection GA: Injector, Injection & Tracking LANL: Materials prop, thermal resp. Target factory 5. Final Optics LLNL: X-rays, ions, debris, neut. UCSD: Laser damage, debris mit LANL: Neutrons on optics 4. Lasers NRL: KrF (gas) Laser LLNL: (DPSSL)

12. The Electra KrF laser (NRL): 1/4  m, 700 J, 5 Hz

13. Pump delivery Front end Injection multi- pass spatial filter Diode pulsers Gas-cooled amplifier head The Mercury dpssl laser (LLNL): 100 J, 1.05  m, 10 Hz, 2-10 ns, 10% laser for IFE-related experiments

14. Overview of Inertial Fusion Energy Technology Activities at UC San Diego Mark Tillack http://joy.ucsd.edu July 3, 2001 CIEMAT, Madrid

15. UCSD IFE Technology Program Organization, June 2001

16. Driver Interface R&D: Beam Propagation Problem Statement The chamber environment following a target explosion contains a hot, turbulent gas which will interact with subsequent laser pulses. Gas breakdown occurs in the vicinity of the target where the beam is focussed. A better understanding of the degree of gas ionization and the effects on beam propagation are needed. The effect of aerosol and particulate in the chamber must be understood in order to establish clearing criteria. Research Objectives: Determine the laser breakdown threshold in pure and impure chamber environments at low pressure. Determine the effect of chamber environmental conditions on beam propagation.

17. Beam propagation experiments will be performed in a multi-purpose vacuum chamber under construction Initial measurements: Visible light emission from the focal spot Variation in laser energy profile (CCD) & temporal pulse shape (photodiodes) Wavefront variation (Shack-Hartmann) Planned future measurements: Emission spectroscopy Changes in spatial profile with 2% accuracy Key Program Elements Construction of a multi-purpose vacuum chamber Breakdown emission detection and spectroscopy Laser beam smoothing and accurate profiling (goal of 2-5%)

18. Chamber Physics Modeling and Experiments Problem Statement The chamber condition following a target explosion in a realistic chamber geometry is not well understood. The key uncertainty is whether or not the chamber environment will return to a sufficiently quiescent and clean low-pressure state to allow another shot to be initiated within 100–200 ms. Modeling and experimental capabilities are needed to predict the behaviour of an IFE power plant chamber and to ensure that all relevant phenomena are taken into account. Objectives Develop and benchmark an integrated, state-of-the-art computational model of the dynamic response of IFE chambers following target explosions Use the code to plan experiments and study IFE chambers Demonstrate validity of scaling and simulation experiments Develop chamber experimental capabilities Provide new data relevant to IFE chamber responses

19. Multi-physics model of chamber dynamics

20. Chamber Physics Simulation Experiments HYADES simulation of laser irradiation of Au Energy required to simulate IFE chamber issues

21. Engineering Modeling of IFE Targets Input Parameters Initial target configuration Properties database Imposed accelerations Thermal environment Chamber gas, aerosol and particulate species Chamber hydrodynamic environment Computed Parameters Target temperature distribution Target trajectory Target internal stress distribution Internal mass transport In-hohlraum beta layering analysis:

22. IFE Wall Engineering RHEPP/MAP ion beam facility, SNLA ESLI carbon fiber flocked surface Structured surfaces may offer superior thermal response and improved erosion behavior under exposure to pulsed energy sources

23. Studies of Laser Induced Damage to Grazing Incidence Metal Mirrors Mark Tillack http://joy.ucsd.edu July 3, 2001 CIEMAT, Madrid

24. Geometry of the Driver-Chamber Interface Prometheus-L reactor building layout (30 m) (SOMBRERO values in red) (20 m) Grazing incidence mirrors Si 2 O or CaF 2 wedges

25. Final Optic Damage Threats Damage that increases absorption (<1%) Damage that modifies the wavefront – – spot size/position (200  m/20  m) and spatial uniformity (1%) Two main concerns: Final Optic ThreatNominal Goal Optical damage by laser>5 J/cm 2 threshold (normal to beam) Sputtering by ionsWavefront distortion of < /3 * (~100 nm) Ablation by x-rays(6x10 8 pulses in 2 FPY: (~25 mJ/cm 2, partly stopped by gas) 2.5x10 6 pulses/allowed atom layer removed) Defects and swelling induced by Absorption loss of <1%  -rays (~3) and neutrons (~18 krad/s)Wavefront distortion of < /3 * Contamination from condensable Absorption loss of <1% materials (aerosol and dust) >5 J/cm 2 threshold * “There is no standard theoretical approach for combining random wavefront distortions of individual optics. Each /3 of wavefront distortion translates into roughly a doubling of the minimum spot size.” (Ref. Orth)

26. GIMM development issues* * from Bieri and Guinan, Fusion Tech. 19 (May 1991) 673. Experimental verification of laser damage thresholds Wavefront issues:beam smoothness, uniformity, shaping, f/number constraints Experiments with irradiated mirrors Protection against debris and x-rays (shutters, gas jets, etc.) In-situ cleaning techniques Large-scale manufacturing Cooling

27. Aluminum is the 1st choice for the GIMM Normal incidence reflectivity of metals Lifetime of multi-layer dielectric mirrors is questionable due to rapid degradation by neutrons Al maintains good reflectivity into the UV Al is a commonly used mirror material – easy to machine, easy to deposit Thin (~10 nm), protective, transparent oxide Normal incidence damage threshold ~0.2 J/cm 2 Grazing incidence raises s-reflectivity to >99% Larger footprint reduces fluence by cos(  ) Combined effects hopefully raise the damage threshold to >5 J/cm 2

28. Several surface types have been fabricated diamond-turned Al 6061 MgSi occlusions 99.999% pure Al Al 1100 75 nm Al on superpolished flat: ±2Å roughness, 10Å flatness

29. UCSD Laser Plasma and Laser-Material Interactions Laboratory  ~ 200  rad Spectra Physics laser: 2J, 10 ns @1064 nm 700, 500, 300 mJ @532, 355, 266 nm Peak power~10 14 W/cm 2 Profiling Shack-Hartmann

30. Ringdown reflectometry is used for accurate measurements and in-situ surface monitoring 100 ppm accuracy

31. In-situ reflectometry can measure surface changes not visible to the naked eye

32. 1000 shots in Aal 1100 at 85˚, 1 J/cm 2 peak Al 1100 shows no apparent damage up to 1 J/cm 2 Several shots in Al 6061 at 80˚, 1 J/cm 2 peak Fe MgSi 1000x Damage occurs at a higher fluence as compared with normal incidence Silicide occlusions in Al 6061 preferentially absorb light, causing explosive ejection and melting Fe impurities appear unaffected Exposure of Al 1100 to 1000 shots at 85˚ exhibited no damage 1000x

33. Tools for modeling effects of damage on beam characteristics

34. Effect of Surface Coatings and Contaminants Carbon film thickness (nm) reflectivity   = 0 o 20 o 40 o 60 o 80 o o = 532 nm Al 2 O 3 coating (10 nm) Al mirror d 2 =2 nm   = 0 o d 2 =2 nm   = 80 o d 2 =0   = 0 o d 2 =0   = 80 o o = 532 nm Carbon film Al mirror reflectivity Al 2 O 3 coating thickness, d 3 / o 4-layer Fresnel model was developed to examine behavior of coatings and contamination Surface contaminants (such as carbon) on mirror protective coatings can substantially alter reflectivity, depending on layer thickness and incident angle. n 4,  4 11 coating Incident medium contaminant n 1,  1 n 2,  2 n 3,  3 metal substrate

35. The effect of induced surface roughness on beam quality was investigated using Kirchhoff wave scattering theory e.g., at  1 = 80 o,  = 0.1, e -g = 0.97 Specularly reflected intensity is degraded by induced mirror surface roughness For cumulative laser-induced and thermomechanical damages, we assume Gaussian surface height statistics with rms height . 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0  1 = 80 o 70 o 60 o Intensity Degradation, e –g  Grazing incidence is less affected by surface roughness To avoid loss of laser beam intensity,  < 0.01 11 22 I sc I o : reflected intensity from smooth surface I d : scattered incoherent intensity g : (4   cos  1 / ) 2 I inc

36. Graduate Studies in Plasma Physics & Controlled Fusion Research Current Research Areas: Theoretical low temperature plasma physics Experimental plasma turbulence and transport studies Theoretical edge plasma physics in fusion devices Plasma-surface interactions Diagnostic development Semiconductor manufacturing technology Theory of emerging magnetic fusion concepts Fusion power plant design and technology Radio-frequency heating and current drive Laser-matter interactions and inertial confinement fusion Thermo-mechanical design of nuclear fusion reactor components Theoretical space and astrophysical applications Interested students are encouraged to visit our website at: http://www-ferp.ucsd.edu/brochure.html for information on our research, available financial support and university admissions policy. University of California, San Diego School of Engineering