1. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 1 Pasture Utilization

2. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 2 Establishment choices Continuous Grazing Cut and Carry Rotational Grazing 3-6 months

3. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 3 Cut & Carry  Animals are confined in pens  Forage is cut and brought to animals  Practiced in Feedlots and Dairy Animals  Forage is usually chopped  Animals cannot choose nutritious portions  Feeding time is determined by producer

4. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 4 Napier grown for cut and carry in dairy farm

5. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 5 Forage chopped before feeding

6. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 6 Cut and carry feeding for dairy cows

7. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 7 CUT AND CARRY FEEDING FOR YOUNG CALVES

8. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 8 Continuous grazing  Animals are confined to one paddock  Area is fenced and a water source is supplied  Animals can select their feed especially at the beginning  Producer has less work compared to other systems

9. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 9 CONTINUOUS GRAZING

10. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 10 Rotational Grazing  Paddock is divided into 4 to 6 plots  Animals are confined within one plot and then shifted weekly to other plots  Animals return to original plot after 3 to 5 weeks depending on number of plots  Allows pasture to have a rest period

11. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 11 Rotational Grazing 1 2 3 4 5 6

12. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 12 Rotational grazing in oil palm plantation

13. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 13 Using electric fencing

14. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 14 Cut-and-carry vs grazing  Animals cannot select feed  No return of waste to pasture  Labour intensive  Animals use less energy  Animals protected from weather  Animals can select feed  Wastes returned to pasture  Low labour requirement  High energy use by animals  Animals exposed to weather

15. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 15 Difference in quality between grazed and cut & carry Grazed Cut & carry Protein 17.1% Protein 7.4% Napier Grass

16. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 16 Some experimental comparisons  Grazing Setaria splendida. Milk yield 10.2 kg/day  Cut and carry Guinea and Napier. Milk yield 8.2 kg/day Sahiwal Friesian dairy cattle (Soetrisno et al. 1984)

17. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 17 Wong et al. 1987  Rotational grazing. Milk yield 5.7 kg/day  Cut and carry. Milk yield 4.8 kg/day

18. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 18 Hutagalung & Mahyuddin 1983  Kedah-Kelantan cattle grazing Setaria. Average daily gain 159 g/day  Cut and carry. Average daily gain 12 g/day

19. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 19 Cut and Carry is recommended when  Animals have been recently introduced and are not adapted to the climate  Sick or young animals  Limited area for grazing  Grazing area is wet and easily damaged  During floods  Feedlot

20. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 20 Feedlot cattle – needs cut and carry system

21. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 21 Feedlot camels

22. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 22 Comparison between Continuous & Rotational Grazing Continuous  Lower cost for fencing and water points  Less labour  Animals can select feed, pastures unevenly used  Pastures do not have a rest period  Animals more susceptible to parasites Rotational  Higher cost for fencing and water points  More labour  Less selection of feed, pastures more uniform  Pastures have a rest period, good for legumes  Animals less susceptible to parasites

23. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 23 Other types of grazing  Free grazing –Animals are left on unused open lands, including road sides; low input  Tether –Animals are tethered to a tree to limit its area of grazing  Strip grazing –Animals can only graze a strip of land and they are moved daily using electric fencing; mainly dairy

24. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 24 Strip grazing

25. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 25 Tethering

26. AGR 3002 ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 26