1. Revise Lecture 24

2. Cheques Cheques generally contain; Place of issue Cheque number
Date of issue
Payee
Amount of currency

3. Cheques 6. Signature of the drawer 7. Routing / account number
8. Fractional routing number
A cheque is generally valid indefinitely or for six months after the date of issue unless otherwise indicated, this varies depending on where the cheque is drawn.

4. Cheques
Features of a Cheque

5. Cheques Features of a Cheque
Some important features of a cheque are given below;
A cheque must be in writing and duly signed by the drawer.
It contains an unconditional order.
It is issued on a specified banker only.

6. Types of Cheques

7. Cheques Types of cheques
A cheque used to pay wages due is referref to as a payroll cheque.
A traveller’s cheque is designed to allow the person signing it to make an unconditional payment to someone else as a result of paying the account holder for that privilege. These cheques can usually be replaced if lost or stolen.

8. Cheques Types of a Cheque
A cheque issued by a bank on its own account for a customer for payment to a third party is called a Cashier’s cheque. A Treasure’s cheque, a Bank cheque, or a Bank draft.
A cheque issued by a bank, but drawn on an account with another bank, is a teller’s cheque. In addition banks often sell money orders.

9. Cheques Broadly speaking, cheques are of four types; Open cheque
Crossed cheque
Bearer cheque
Order cheque

10. Cheques
Open Cheque:
A cheque is called ‘open’ when it is possible to get cash over the counter at the bank. The holder of an open cheque can do the following;
Receive its payment over the counter at the bank.
Deposit the cheque in the bearer’s account.
Pass it to someone else by signing on the back of a cheque

11. Cheques Crossed Cheque:
The risk from an open cheque can be avoided by issuing a crossed cheque.
The payment of such a cheque is not made over the counter at the bank. It is only credited to the bank account of the payee.
Cheques are usually crossed as a measure of safety.

12. Cheques
Crossed Cheque: Crossing is made by drawing two parallel transverse lines across the face of the cheque with or without writing ‘Account payee’ or

13. Cheques
Bearer Cheque

14. Cheques
Bearer Cheque
A bearer cheque is payable to any person who presents it for payment at the bank counter. It can be transferred by mere delivery and requires no endorsement.
A cash cheque or a bearer cheque or a self cheque does not bear the name of the payee.
It simply states that payable to ‘bearer’ or to ‘self’ or to ‘cash’.

15. Cheques
Order Cheque

16. Cheques
Order cheque
An order cheque is a cheque that is payable to a particular person.
In such a cheque, the word ‘bearer’ may be cut out or cancelled and the word ‘order’ may be written.
The payee can transfer an order cheque to someone else by signing his or her name on the back of it.

17. Anted – dated Cheque

18. Cheques Ante – dated Cheque
This is a cheque in which the drawer mentions the date earlier to the date of presenting it for payment.
For example, a cheque issued on May 20, 2007 may bear a date May 5, 2007.

19. Cheques
Stale Cheque

20. Cheques
Stale Cheque
A cheque which is issued today must be presented at bank for payment within a stipulated period.
After expiry of that period, no payment will be made and it is then called a stale cheque.
Find out from your nearest bank the validity period of a cheque.

21. Cheques
Mutilated Cheque

22. Cheques Mutilated Cheque
In case a cheque is torn into two or more pieces and presented for payment, such a cheque is called mutilated cheque.
The bank will not make payment against such a cheque without getting confirmation of the drawer.
The bank may make payment against such a cheque if its is torn at the corners and no material fact is erased or cancelled.

23. Cheques
Post-dated Cheque

24. Cheques Post-dated cheque
This is a cheque on which the drawer mentions a date which is subsequent to the date on which it is presented.
For example, if a cheque presented on May 8, 2007 bears a date of May 25, 2007, it is a post-dated cheque.
The bank will make payment only on or after May 25, 2007

25. Parties to a Negotiable Instruments

26. Negotiable Instrument
The important parties to negotiable instruments are;
Promissory note:
Maker
Payee
Endorser
Endorsee

27. Negotiable Instrument
Bill of Exchange:
Drawer
Drawee or acceptor
Endorser
Endorsee

28. Negotiable Instrument
Valid Acceptance:
The essential requirements of a valid acceptance are that it;
Must be written
Must be signed
Must be completed by delivery

29. Negotiable Instrument
Holder in Due Course

30. Negotiable Instrument
Holder in Due Course Holder in due course means any person who for consideration becomes the possessor of a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable to bearer or the payee or endorser thereof if payable to order, before the amount mentioned therein becomes payable and without sufficient cause to believe that any defect existed in the title of the person from whom he received the title.

31. Negotiable Instrument
Holder in Due Course
The definition specifies that:
The holder has to possess the instrument in due course and before the date of maturity.
The consideration must be legal and adequate.
There should be sufficient cause to believe that he possessed the instrument in good faith and with reasonable care.

32. Negotiable Instrument
Holder in Due Course 4. The holder should not become the holder in due course even if he received the instrument without any suspicion or knowledge about such defects. 5. Notice of any defect in the title subsequent to the date of acquisition should not affect the rights of the holder in due course.

33. Lecture 25
Banker and Customer

34. Banker and Customer The Banker
The role of a banker is one filled with multiple duties and responsibilities.
There are different types of bankers and each one is unique in his own way.
Some of these individuals work for large corporate conglomerates while others work for small town financial institutions.

35. Banker and Customer The Banker
Each banker has his own set agenda in his role as a banker.
A banker is an individual (or an institution) who advises his clients with regard to financial matter.
The duties concerning saving, loans, taxes, investment and securities are all within the job realm of a banker.

36. Banker and Customer The Banker
He will provide financial assistance to the client in accordance with their needs.

37. Banker and Customer
The Customer

38. Banker and Customer The Customer
In banking, a customer is someone who makes use of or receive the services of the bank.
The word customer historically derives ‘custom’ meaning habbit, so a customer was someone who frequented a particular shop, who made it a habbit to purchase goods there

39. Banker and Customer
Duties of a Customer All banks carry out the customer’s instructions in a business-like manner. In return, the customer has special duties of cooperation and other duties of care. A customer is bound to the following;

40. Banker and Customer Duties of a Customer
Communication of important information and changes.
Unambiguous information in orders and instructions
Care in transmission of particular orders

41. Banker and Customer Duties of a Customer 4. Use of forms
5. Express notification of any special instruction
6. Notification of time limits and dates
7. Complaints to be made immediately
8. Checking of confirmation of the bank
9. Liability arising from neglect of duty