2. Oil: Black Gold

3. Oil Formation Microscopic aquatic protists die  pressurized & heated Seeps through porous rock and trapped under non-porous Many C-H chains

4. Crude Oil Recovery Primary Oil Recovery: Drill well, pump out oil Secondary Oil Recovery: Injection of H2O into nearby well, force heavy oil into well

5. Off-shore Oil Platforms Dangerous to work on Require constant maintenance

6. Santa Barbara Oil Platforms

7. Crude Oil Refined? Mix of diff. HC’s that are separated w/ distillation: purifying a liquid by evaporation and condensation.

9. Crude oil delivered by oil tanker Distilled at a Refinery (LBC, San Pedro)

10. NA Reserves

12. Org. of Petroleum Exporting Countries 12 countries : Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Determines best means for protecting their oil interests…price stabilizing

13. Case Study: OPEC Embargo OPEC stops supplies of oil to US b/c we supplied Israel w/ weapons during Yom Kippur War. Odd-even rationing Flag System Ended in ’74 with Kissinger negotiations.

17. Pricing 1.How much oil is pumped? 2.How much oil is being refined? 3.Operational costs of gas stations **NOT FULL COST Pricing-doesn’t include externalities

18. Shale Oil Fine-grained rock, has HCs called kerogen Is crushed & heated, vaporizing kerogen  condensed to shale oil

19. Tar Sands Mix of clay, sand, water and bitumen (a high sulfur oil) Heat sand until bitumen softens, floats to surface  Refined into crude oil Canada #1!

21. Pros of Crude Oil: Easy to Transport

22. Pros of Crude Oil: Cheap!

23. Pros of Crude Oil: High Net Energy Yield

24. Pros of Crude Oil: Platforms make artificial reefs

25. Cons of Crude Oil 1) Air pollution (combustion) –increased CO 2 levels  global warming –acid deposition

26. Downside of All Fossil Fuels: Production of CO 2

27. Cons: MTBE Methyl tertiary butyl ether C 5 H 12 O Fuel additive in gas, enhances octane (helps burn gas completely  reduces NOx and VOC emissions) Groundwater pollutant from LUSTS  carcinogen? Banned in 2004

28. Con: Oil Spills 1989, Exxon Valdez spilled 10.9mill. barrels of crude oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska Prince William Sound Exxon Valdez

29. CLEAN UP! Large booms contain oil

30. CLEAN UP! Skimmer boats scrape off oil

31. CLEAN UP! GE bacteria eats oil!

32. CLEAN UP!

34. High pressure washing

35. Con: Wars! Gulf War 1991: Iraq invaded Kuwait; US attacked to protect its oil supply

36. Peak Oil M.K. Hubbert, 1956 Theory: Crude oil reserve and production will peak in 1970’s and decline there after Show Hubbert Curve US Oil Production peaked in 1971