1. Unit 2 NAR Revision Higher Human

2. Menstrual Cycle Menstrual cycle lasts approx 28days Pituitary Gland releases FSH and LH LH stimulates ovulation Ovarian Hormones include Oestrogen and Progesterone. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum and stimulates the thickening of the endometrium and inhibits the pituitary from releasing FSH and LH. Decrease in Progesterone will bring about menstruation.

3. Fertility Treatments Artificial Insemination – sperm is inserted directly into the female reproductive tract. Useful for men with a low sperm count IVF – eggs and sperm are removed and fertilised in a petri dish before being implanted into the uterus. Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is used to detect genetic disorders and chromosome abnormalities and can be used in conjunction with IVF.

4. Seminal Vesicles/Prostate Gland Seminal vesicles and prostate gland secrete fluid which keeps the sperm viable Seminal Vesicle Prostate Gland

5. Dating Scan A dating scan is usually carried out between weeks 8 -14 and is used to determine the stage of pregnancy and therefore the due date.

6. Heart and Cardiac Cycle SAN controls the timing of the contractions of the cardiac cells in the heart. During ventricular systole the blood flows into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. The increased pressure in the arteries causes the semi lunar valves to close.

7. Stroke Volume Stroke volume – the total volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one contraction. Stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate will indicate the Cardiac Output of an individual (total volume of blood pumped out in a minute) A trained athlete will have a larger stroke volume.

8. Diabetes Diabetes is a condition which results in the body not producing enough insulin. This results in high glucose levels in the blood. Due to the high glucose levels in the blood some glucose is lost in the urine. This can be used as a test to indicate diabetes.

9. Inheritance Genotypes from family trees. Autosomal Dominant for Huntingtons Chorea. Work out genotypes A,B and C Heterozygous sufferers have one dominant allele and one recessive e.g. Hh B A C

10. Obesity A BMI can be used to indicate obesity. Skin fold callipers can be used to measure body fat. Measurements to be taken at a variety of locations in the body as fat is not evenly distributed. Body density is a more accurate measurement of fat as it accounts for the total body fat.

11. Problem Solving Be sure to know how to work out percentages Take the time when drawing/reading graphs. You will need to have with you Pencil (for drawing a graph) Rubber (for mistakes in your graph) Ruler (for straight lines in your graph) Calculator (to calculate percentages etc) Pens (to write your answers with)