1. Florian A. Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at Naive Semantic Interoperability Florian A. Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation & Cartography Vienna University of Technology Annual Scientific Meeting – GeoGERAS 2006 Pernegg, Austria 03rd July 2006

2. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at Motivation Background Hypothesis Method Conclusion Overview ● Problem Definition ● Humans Conception of Space ● Hypothesis ● Review of the Literature ● Sandbox Geography – How to organize concepts? – How to change concepts? ● Conclusions ● Outlook

3. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundBackground HypothesisMethodConclusion How to Build a Concept ? Experience Humans hold several concepts Concepts underlie change

4. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundBackground HypothesisMethodConclusion Semantic Interoperability … the transition of two mental models … Shared reality Objectivity (Frank & Mark 1996)

5. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundBackground HypothesisMethodConclusion Related Work ● Similarity Measures (Tversky 1977, Rodriguez & Egenhofer 2004) ● Formal Specifications of Interoperability with Image Schemata – Linguistic (Frank 1998, Frank & Raubal 1998) – „Toy Spaces“(Rodriguez & Egenhofer 1997) – „Real Space“(Rodriguez & Egenhofer 2000, Rüetschi & Timpf 2005) (Gassner 1997)

6. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundBackground HypothesisMethodConclusion Questions ● How do we acquire image schemata about space? ● How can we overcome linguistic and meta-cognitive constraints ?

7. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisHypothesis MethodConclusion Hypothesis Spatial concepts (as needed for semantic interoperability) are pre-linguistic concepts that can be described by a set of axioms. Are pre-linguistic concepts universal ?

8. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Developmental Psychology Theory theory: “Infants learn about the world by forming and revising theories. Their conceptual development is theory formation and change, their semantic development is theory dependent.” Development is driven by three forces – Innate knowledge – Powerful learning abilities – Scaffolding from others (Meltzoff & Gopnik 2002)

9. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion How to Build a Concept - Revisited

10. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Multi-Tiered Model (Frank 2000) perceptions cognitive objects agents

11. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Multiple Processors – Multiple Strategies Use Case: Location Coding ● Newcombe and Huttenlocher (2000) Self-referenced Externally referenced Simple, limited Sensorimotor learning (egocentric learning, response learning) Cue learning Complex, powerful Dead reckoning (inertial navigation) Place learning

12. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Further Modelling Aspects ● Bottom up vs. Top Down = Symbolic vs. grounded ● Deterministic vs. Stochastic ● Embodied vs. Disembodied ● Single agent vs. multi agent system ● Hierarchic vs. heterarchic

13. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Sandbox Geography ● YES – Classification of Empirical Models – Abstract Models of Empirical Studies – Algebraic Specifications providing set of axioms for spatial relations between objects – A symbolic mechanism for conceptual change ● NO – Cognitive architecture like SOAR, ACT-R, etc. – Model of the infant, tool for psychology – Artificial intelligence

14. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion TypeAmount Support

15. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Theories for the Support of Objects

16. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Sandbox Geography II 1. Expansion 2. Contraction 3. Revision / Combination 4. Analogy 3. 1. 4. 2. x x (Sowa 2003)

17. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Reasoning Towards New Theories TRUE Rule explains event TRUE AND FALSE Rule explains and does not explain event FALSE Rule does not explain event TRUE OR FALSE Rule is not tested (enough) with event T/F = 50 % T > 50 % T < 50 %

18. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Observations and Expectations 1. T  Rule gains weight (store observations to rule made before) 2. F  Rule looses weight (store observations to rule made before) 3. FF  Rule becomes invalid  pool 4. TT  Rule is valid a gains weight 5. TF  Verified hypothesis is falsified  Neutral/Action? 6. FT  Falsified hypothesis is verified  Neutral/Action? 7. TTF  A chain were verification outweighs falsification  Rule is true 8. FFT  A chain were falsification outweighs verification  Rule is false

19. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Properties of a Agent Based Framework ● Infant does not give up immediately – certain resistance against theory change (cf. Kuhn 1976) ● Pool of falsified theories (cf. Siegler and Chen 2002) ● An axiom that proofs a theory to be wrong is a case of specialization / generalization  Detection of the Non Euclidian Geometry

20. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Summary ● Formal Specifications for Naive Interoperability have to consider – Experience (History) – Multiple Strategies, i.e. multiple overlapping concepts – Incremental Knowledge Representation – Mechanism to convert Knowledge Representations ● A framework with algebraic specifications suits these needs when embedded in a heterarchy – Contraction – Expansion – Revision – Analogy

21. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodConclusionConclusion Conclusion ● The big question remains how to connect the simple parts of object ontologies. ● We point out some crucial aspects of the modeling process. ● Agent based simulations help to get sound theories in developmental psychology, we need human subject testing on various aspects. ● Psychology serves as an input for new computational models in other disciplines.

22. Florian Twaroch Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodConclusionConclusion To be continued …