1. Distribution of Non-Prevocalic /r/ 1/9 Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 149.

2. How Innovations Spread 2/9 1 2 3 4 5

3. Summary of How Innovations Spread  From one place to nearby places  From urban center to urban center  From urban center to surrounding areas  From person to person, group to group  From area to area as people move Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp. 147-153. 3/9

4. Countries where Indo-European Languages are spoken Wikipedia: Countries where Indo-European Languages are dominant in orange ; yellow represents areas where IE language is an auxiliary language. Image by Brianski. 4/9

5. Sino-Tibetan Languages SiniticTibeto-Burman Chinese Chinese (Bai) (Tibetan) (Burmese) (Karen) MandarinWu Yue Min Hakka Xiang Gan 北方話 吳 粵 客家 湘 贛 N E SW Minnan Minbei 閩南話 閩北話 5/9

6. 6/9

7. Identifying Terms from Another Variety of Chinese Mark which expressions are used in Taiwan (with a check mark  ) and which are not (with an  ) 二層人流小販公安 方便麵水平出租汽車生字 冰棍計程車計算機個體戶 高考速食麵普通話詞匯 飯店幹活雷射電腦 磁帶墮胎激光錄音帶 錄像機餐廳聯考聯系 韓國 7/9

8. Beijing and Taipei Varieties of Mandarin 1 台灣大陸 English 國語普通話 Mandarin 警察公安 police 冰棒冰棍 popsicle 計程車出租汽車 taxi 聯考高考 entrance exam 小販個體戶 private seller 錄影機錄像機 VCR 水準水平 standard, level Teng, Shou-hsin and Lo Sun Perry. 1999. Taiwan Today: An Intermediate Course, 1999 Extended Edition. Tunghai University, Chinese Language Center. P. 249. 8/9

9. Beijing and Taipei Varieties of Mandarin 2 台灣大陸 English 餐廳飯店 restaurant 韓國朝鮮 Korea 速食麵方便麵 instant noodles 生字詞匯 vocabulary 錄音帶磁帶 cassette tape 聯絡聯系 get in touch 二樓二層 second floor 墮胎人流 abortion 雷射激光 laser Teng, Shou-hsin and Lo Sun Perry. 1999. Taiwan Today: An Intermediate Course, 1999 Extended Edition. Tunghai University, Chinese Language Center. P. 249. 9/9