1. William S. Klug Michael R. Cummings Charlotte A. Spencer Concepts of Genetics Eighth Edition Chapter 14 Translation and Proteins Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

2. Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs Ribosomal Structure

3. Figure 14-1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

4. tRNA Structure

5. Figure 14-2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

6. Figure 14-3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

7. Figure 14-4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

8. Charging tRNA

9. Figure 14-5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

10. Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps

11. Table 14-1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

12. Initiation

13. Figure 14-6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

16. Elongation

20. Termination

21. Figure 14-8 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

22. Polyribosomes

23. Figure 14-9 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

24. Figure 14-9a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

25. Figure 14-9b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

26. Crystallographic Analysis Has Revealed Many Details about the Functional Prokaryotic Ribosome

27. Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes

28. The Initial Insight That Proteins Are Important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism

29. Figure 14-10 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

30. Phenylketonuria

31. Studies of Neurospora Led to the One-Gene:One- Enzyme Hypothesis Analysis of Neurospora Mutants by Beadle and Tatum

32. Figure 14-11 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

33. Figure 14-11a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

34. Figure 14-11b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

35. Figure 14-11c Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

36. Genes and Enzymes: Analysis of Biochemical Pathways

37. Figure 14-12 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

38. Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established That One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide Sickle-Cell Anemia

39. Figure 14-13 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

40. Figure 14-13a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

41. Figure 14-13b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

42. Figure 14-14 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

43. Human Hemoglobins

44. Table 14-2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

45. The Nucleotide Sequence of a Gene and the Amino Acid Sequence of the Corresponding Protein Exhibit Colinearity

46. Figure 14-15 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

47. Protein Structure Is the Basis of Biological Diversity

48. Posttranslational Modification N –terminus is ususally modified Amino acids may be modified, i.e.—phosphorylation Carboydrates can be added (glycoproteins) Polypeptides may be trimmed Signal sequences may be removed Polypeptides may complex with metals Some polypeptides must be folded by chaperones

49. Protein Function Is Directly Related to the Structure of the Molecule

50. Proteins Are Made Up of One or More Functional Domains Exon Shuffling and the Origin of Protein Domains

51. Figure 14-22 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.