1. A process designed to create proteins.

2.  What template is being used to create our protein sequence?  Where is translation taking place?  What types of Nucleic acids are used in translation?

3. Once the mRNA has been synthesized from transcription, it moves to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.  A ribosome consists of two parts, the LARGE SUBUNIT and the SMALL SUBUNIT. These pieces come together during translation.  These subunits are made of protein and ___?____

4. Ribosomes contain three sites, which are necessary for the formation of protein. They are the E, P, and A site.  Do you know the order in which they appear?

5. What does tRNA look like?  tRNA is made of nucleotides. On the bottom is the anti- codon, which is complementary to a codon on an mRNA strand.  It has three loops created by four regions of base pairing.

6. Stage 1: Initiation  The small ribosomal subunit is going to bind to the mRNA strand at the 5’ end. An initiator tRNA anticodon is going to pair with the mRNA start codon sequence (AUG).  What is a codon? What is an anticodon? What does tRNA really bring?

7.  The arrival of the large ribosomal subunit creates an initiation complex. At this time, the initiator tRNA is in the P (peptidyl) site. This allows other tRNAs to now bind to the ribosome.

8. Stage 2: Elongation Part 1: Codon Recognition An arriving tRNA binds to the codon in the A site of the ribosome

9. Part 2: Peptide Bond Formation The Ribosome allows for the formation of a bond between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A (aminoacyl) site and the amino acid of the tRNA in the P (peptidyl) site.

10. Part 3: Translocation The tRNA in the P (peptidyl) site moves to the E (Exit) site. It is then released from the ribosome The tRNA in the A (aminoacyl) site moves to the P site. The mRNA shifts one codon along the ribosome

11. Stage 3: Termination  Elongation continues until a stop codon on the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome. The stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA  Release factors cause the mRNA to be released and the ribosome subunits to disassemble

12. What would your body do if it needed a lot of a specific protein at once?