1. Bio-Controls: Bacterial Infection Fundamentals
By Ryan Murray

2. Crops decimated by Pythium (Stietsma, 1973)
Need
Crops decimated by Pythium (Stietsma, 1973)

3. Need
Corn Fields killed by Stewarts

4. Former Methods of Control
DDT
Dioxin (Agent Orange)

5. Bio Controls
Garsney (2001)

6. Purpose Alternate Hypotheses
Finding bio controls- fight off diseases and pests
Alternate Hypotheses
1.If Soybean Plants exposed to Pythium and Fusarium are treated with P.Putida, Fungal Mycelium, and S. griesevoridis, the infections will decrease
2. If soybean plants exposed to Root Knot Nematodes are treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, the infestation will decrease.

7. Pythium Root Rot
Infected with Pythium
Healthy soybean root

8. Lit Review
(Sietsma,1973) Wall structure and Growth in Pythium Bacterial Infection. Cambridge University Press
Fungal Mycelium

9. Fusarium
(Ajello,1979)

10. Lit Review
Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press .
Adapted from Bergstrom (1993)

11. Lit Review
(Tari,1988) Fusarium Wilt Suppression and Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida.
Appl Environ Microbiol. August
1988

12. Root Knot Nematodes
Ester (2003) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stanley R. Johnson, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Ames, Iowa.
Rhabditid Nematode attacking root knots
Root- Knot Nematodes

13. Stewart’s Disease

14. Pseudomonas Putida
(Kachlany, 2002)

15. S. griseoviridis
Against resident levels of Fusarium-reduced Fusarium infection by 16%

16. Similarity SOYBEAN PLANTS
Distinct similarities between the three diseases.
SOYBEAN PLANTS
Soybean yields are affected quantitatively and qualitatively by fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses (Domier, 2009)

17. METHODOLOGY N= 50 Soybean Plants N=10 Exposed to Pythium N=10
Exposed to Fusarium
N=10 Exposed to Stewart’s (rootknots)
N=10 Exposed to Root Knots (No Stewarts)
N=10 Control
Treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
Treated with P.putida, Fungal Mycelium and S. griseoviridis
Time = 30 days
Measurements taken using Diluting Fluid (measuring volume of bacterial infection) and Leaf health scale
SPPS Statistical Analysis by ANOVA comparing the various bio controls to the control followed by Sheffe Post Hoc Test where p<.05

18. Protocols for Bacteria
All strains must be kept isolated from one another to avoid contamination
Plants infected by injection or pin-prick method
Root Knots exposed to Stewarts by ingestion in medium

19. Budget Plan Vendor Order Number Quant Description Price
Carolina Online
155265 1
Pseudomonas Putida, Living tube
$9.20
Carolina NP
Fusarium Oxysporum
Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang
Root Knot Nematodes
593120
Walter QZG Zoom Stereomicroscope
$519.00
BD CATALOG
442104
Diluting fluid- used to count Bacteria
721169
Pyrex® Vista™ Test Tubes 50 count
$14.50
Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
158443
Bean, Soy, Viable Seed, 1 lb
$8.75
Still Searching
Fungal Mycelium

20. Do- Ability
Pythium, Fusarium, and Root Knots obtainable by online and collegiate sources
P.Putida, Mycelium, S. griseoviridis, and Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita; available online at Carolina and at other sources

21. Bibliography
Bagnall, R.. Control of Pythium wilt and root rot of hydroponically grown lettuce by means of chemical treatment of the nutrient solution. University of Pretoria Biological Journal Pgs 4-24
Bergstrom, Gary C. Biocontrol for plants with Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Sporobolomyces roseus. Cornell Research Foundation, Inc pgs 45-59
Domier, L. Soybean yields are affected quantitatively and qualitatively by fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses. ARS Society Research Program. (2009)
Ester.Stewarts Disease. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2003)
Garsney .5 Star Biology Review. “Bio-controls”
Gilardi, Gerald. “Pseudomonas”. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. ©1992
Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CAB International Publisher (2006) pp. 505
Howard ,DH. Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals (2nd ed.) New York. Routledge, USA. (2003)
Jarvis, W.R. Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops. American Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul Pg 288.
Kloepper. Bacterial cultures for root-colonizing plants.Cominco Fertilizers Research. Volume 6. April, 1996.Pg 71.
Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press .(2003) pgs
Owen-Going, T.N.; Sutton, J.C.; Grodzinski, B. Relationships of Pythium isolates and sweet pepper plants in single-plant hydroponic units. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology Volume25. Pages
Tar. PH Fusarium Wilt Suppression and Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida. Appl Environ Microbiol. 54(8). August
Walsh TJ, Dixon DM “Spectrum of Mycoses”. Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.).(1996).
Wyss, P. Testing the effect of biological control agents on the formation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant and Soil Journal. Volume 147, Number 1.November,