1. Bio-Controls: Bacterial Infection Fundamentals By Ryan Murray

2. Need Crops decimated by Pythium (Stietsma, 1973)

3. Need Corn Fields killed by Stewarts

4. Former Methods of Control DDT DDT Dioxin (Agent Orange) Dioxin (Agent Orange)

5. Bio Controls Espinoza (2006) and Garsney (2001) Espinoza (2006) and Garsney (2001)

6. Purpose Finding bio controls- fight off diseases and pests Finding bio controls- fight off diseases and pests Alternate Hypotheses 1.If Soybean Plants exposed to Pythium and Fusarium are treated with P.Putida, Fungal Mycelium, and S. griesevoridis, the infections will decrease 2. If soybean plants exposed to Root Knot Nematodes are treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, the infestation will decrease.

7. Pythium Root Rot (Gubler, 1999) (Shapiro, 2002) (Pickens, 2006)

8. Lit Review (Sietsma,1973) (Sietsma,1973) Pythium reduced Pythium reduced Inorganic Salts Inorganic Salts Fungal Mycelium

9. Fusarium (Ajello,1979)

10. Lit Review (Tari,1988) (Tari,1988) Fusarium- by P.putida Fusarium- by P.putida Higher protection-injecting plants with bacterium Agg+ Higher protection-injecting plants with bacterium Agg+

11. Root Knot Nematodes Ester (2003) Ester (2003) Rhabditid Nematode attacking root knots Root- Knot Nematodes

12. Stewart’s Disease (Munkvold, 2000) (Stevens-Boewe, 2006)

13. Pseudomonas Putida (Kachlany, 2002)

14. S. griseoviridis Against resident levels of Fusarium- reduced Fusarium infection by 16% Against resident levels of Fusarium- reduced Fusarium infection by 16%

15. Similarity Distinct similarities between the three diseases. Distinct similarities between the three diseases. SOYBEAN PLANTS Soybean yields are affected quantitatively and qualitatively by fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses (Domier, 2009)

16. METHODOLOGY N= 40 Soybean Plants N=10 Exposed to Pythium N=10 Exposed to Fusarium N=10 Exposed to Stewart’s (rootknots) Treated with P.putida, Fungal Mycelium and S. griseoviridis Treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Time = 30 days Daily Measurements taken using Diluting Fluid (measuring volume of bacterial infection) and Leaf health scale SPPS Statistical Analysis by ANOVA comparing the various bio controls to the control followed by Sheffe Post Hoc Test where p<.05 N=10 ControlN=10 Exposed to Root Knots (No Stewarts)

17. Protocols for Bacteria All strains must be kept isolated from one another to avoid contamination All strains must be kept isolated from one another to avoid contamination Plants infected by injection or pin-prick method Plants infected by injection or pin-prick method Root Knots exposed to Stewarts by ingestion in medium Root Knots exposed to Stewarts by ingestion in medium

18. Budget Plan Vendor Order NumberQuantDescriptionPrice Carolina Online1552651Pseudomonas Putida, Living tube$9.20 CarolinaNP-15-60331Fusarium Oxysporum$9.20 Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang1Root Knot Nematodes Carolina Online5931201Walter QZG Zoom Stereomicroscope$519.00 BD CATALOG4421041Diluting fluid- used to count Bacteria Carolina Online7211691Pyrex® Vista™ Test Tubes 50 count$14.50 Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang1Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Carolina Online1584431Bean, Soy, Viable Seed, 1 lb$8.75 Still SearchingFungal Mycelium

19. Do- Ability 1. Pythium, Fusarium, and Root Knots obtainable by online and collegiate sources 2. P.Putida, Mycelium, S. griseoviridis, and Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita; available online at Carolina and at other sources

20. Bibliography Bagnall, R.. Control of Pythium wilt and root rot of hydroponically grown lettuce by means of chemical treatment of the nutrient solution. University of Pretoria Biological Journal. 2007. Pgs 4- 24 Bagnall, R.. Control of Pythium wilt and root rot of hydroponically grown lettuce by means of chemical treatment of the nutrient solution. University of Pretoria Biological Journal. 2007. Pgs 4- 24 Bergstrom, Gary C. Biocontrol for plants with Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Sporobolomyces roseus. Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. 2005.pgs 45-59 Bergstrom, Gary C. Biocontrol for plants with Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Sporobolomyces roseus. Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. 2005.pgs 45-59 Gilardi, Gerald. “Pseudomonas”. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. ©1992 Gilardi, Gerald. “Pseudomonas”. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. ©1992 Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CAB International Publisher (2006) pp. 505 Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CAB International Publisher (2006) pp. 505 Howard,DH. Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals (2nd ed.)New York. Routledge, USA. (2003) Howard,DH. Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals (2nd ed.)New York. Routledge, USA. (2003) Jarvis, W.R. Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops. American Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul. 1992.Pg 288. Jarvis, W.R. Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops. American Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul. 1992.Pg 288. Kloepper. Bacterial cultures for root-colonizing plants.Cominco Fertilizers Research. Volume 6. April, 1996.Pg 71. Kloepper. Bacterial cultures for root-colonizing plants.Cominco Fertilizers Research. Volume 6. April, 1996.Pg 71. Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press.(2003) pgs 181-185 Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press.(2003) pgs 181-185 Owen-Going, T.N.; Sutton, J.C.; Grodzinski, B. Relationships of Pythium isolates and sweet pepper plants in single-plant hydroponic units. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 2003 Volume25. Pages 155-167. Owen-Going, T.N.; Sutton, J.C.; Grodzinski, B. Relationships of Pythium isolates and sweet pepper plants in single-plant hydroponic units. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 2003 Volume25. Pages 155-167. Walsh TJ, Dixon DM “Spectrum of Mycoses”. Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.).(1996). Walsh TJ, Dixon DM “Spectrum of Mycoses”. Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.).(1996). Wyss, P. Testing the effect of biological control agents on the formation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant and Soil Journal. Volume 147, Number 1.November, 1992. 159-162 Wyss, P. Testing the effect of biological control agents on the formation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant and Soil Journal. Volume 147, Number 1.November, 1992. 159-162