1. RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION NANIK DWI NURHAYATI,S.SI,M.SI

2. Radioisotope production there are 2 ways, a.Production without neutrons b.Production with neutrons. The resulting neutron reactor consists of two groups : a. slow neutrons with energies 0.025 eV

3. Reactions are written as: (bombarding particle, emitted particle) e.g.(n,γ) (neutron, gamma) (p,n) (proton, neutron) In neutron induced fission: (neutron, fission product) (n,f) Nuclear Reactions

4. Neutron Reactions - Summary Nuclear reactors produce radionuclides from: fission products (n,γ) reactions (I 131 ) (n,p) reactions (P 32 )

5. Neutron Reactions

6. 1. REACTION (n,  )

7. 130 Te (n,  ) 131 Te ---------  131 I T 1/2 25 menit

8. Radionuclides Produced by (n,γ)

9. Nuclear Fission

10. Material to be irradiated called TARGET. To get a good target, some requirements: 1. What the target is easily obtained 2. What these objectives requires a special treatment? 3. How far the target of physical and chemical changes? 4. whether the target consists of generating the kind of life that only the desired radioisotope 5. the chemical purity of the target Cause of contamination in the target is the reaction (n, p) and(n,α), the combination of the target and the abundance of the target. For example: Na-24 production, use target Na 2 CO 3 than NaCl whereas when used NaCl contamination can occur Cl-38, P-32, S-35 making it difficult for the separation. TARGET

11. IRRADIATION FACILITY 1.Irradiation tube 2.Prossesing plant 3.Irradiation facility, reactor kind dependent

12. Target preparation Irradiation Radionuclide extraction Preparation of radioisotope Packaging Transport Waste disposal/recycling Steps in Radioisotope Production

13. Radioisotope purification includes:  Dissolution  Ion exchange  HPLC  GC  Solvent extraction  Sublimation  Electrochemical deposition Radioisotope Purification

14. Separation Of Technical Radioisotopes 1.Precipitation Radionuclide purity is dependent on the Precipitation rate, concentration, pH, type of reagent, temperature. Usually the problem because the sediment obtained a little, because it is often added to the carrier. The disadvantage is the cause of low specific activity. 2. Destillation Based on differences in physical properties and chemical properties of radionuclides to the target can be separated by distillation. 3. Chromatographic Chromatographic separation column with a stationary phase such as alumina, silica gel, etc. This way the more developed especially for isotope generator systems 130 Te (n,  ) 131 Te ---------  131 I T 1/2 25 menit

15. QUALITY CONTROL 1.Physical Investigation a. Determination of the concentration of radioactive, b. Determination of the radioactive purity determination. 2. Chemical Investigation Radiochemical purity, pH determination, determination of substances. 3. Biological Investigation a. Sterilization, b. Toxicity. c. Pyrogenitas

16. COMPOUND LABELED Compounds in which one or more atoms replaced atom without radioisotopes or stable isotopes or by changing the structure of the compound, known as compounds labeled. This compound is used for agriculture or medicine. In medicine, these compounds are known as the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals Some radioisotopes in medecine of use: a. Radionuclide must have a short half-life. b. Low-energy gamma emitting radionuclides. c. Marking procedures should be simple.

17. Requirements Compound Labeled 1.High concentrations of radioactive 2.Radioisotope Has a high energy 3.Radioisotope Has a long half life 4.Cheap and easy to obtain

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