1. Giorgio Vasari. The Art of Painting. 1542. fresco
Giorgio Vasari. The Art of Painting fresco. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 11-1]
Giorgio Vasari. The Art of Painting fresco. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 11-1]

2. Artemisia Gentileschi. Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting. 1630
Artemisia Gentileschi. Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting Oil on canvas. 35-1/4 × 29 in. © 2012 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Photo by A. C. Cooper Ltd. [Fig. 11-2]
Artemisia Gentileschi. Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting Oil on canvas. 35-1/4 × 29 in. © 2012 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Photo by A. C. Cooper Ltd. [Fig. 11-2]

3. Mummy Portrait of a Man. Faiyum, Egypt, c. 160–170 CE
Mummy Portrait of a Man. Faiyum, Egypt, c. 160–170 CE. Encaustic on wood. 14 × 18 in. Charles Clifton Fund, [Fig. 11-3]
Mummy Portrait of a Man. Faiyum, Egypt, c. 160–170 CE. Encaustic on wood. 14 × 18 in. Charles Clifton Fund, [Fig. 11-3]

4. Still Life with Eggs and Thrushes
Still Life with Eggs and Thrushes. Villa of Julia Felix, Pompeii, before 79 CE. Fresco. 35 × 48 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 11-4]
Still Life with Eggs and Thrushes. Villa of Julia Felix, Pompeii, before 79 CE. Fresco. 35 × 48 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 11-4]

5. Bodhisattva, detail of a fresco wall painting in Cave I, Ajanta, Maharashtra, India. c. 475 CE. Fresco. Dinodia Photo LLP. [Fig. 11-5]
Bodhisattva, detail of a fresco wall painting in Cave I, Ajanta, Maharashtra, India. c. 475 CE. Fresco. Dinodia Photo LLP. [Fig. 11-5]

6. Giotto. Lamentation. c. 1305. Fresco. approximately 70 × 78 in
Giotto. Lamentation. c Fresco. approximately 70 × 78 in. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 11-6]
Giotto. Lamentation. c Fresco. approximately 70 × 78 in. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 11-6]

7. Fra Andrea Pozzo. The Glorification of Saint Ignatius. 1691–94
Fra Andrea Pozzo. The Glorification of Saint Ignatius. 1691–94. Ceiling fresco. approximately 56 × 115 ft. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 11-7]
Fra Andrea Pozzo. The Glorification of Saint Ignatius. 1691–94. Ceiling fresco. approximately 56 × 115 ft. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 11-7]

8. Giotto. Madonna and Child Enthroned. c. 1310. Tempera on panel. 10 ft
Giotto. Madonna and Child Enthroned. c Tempera on panel. 10 ft. 8 in. × 6 ft. 8-1/4 in. Alinari/Art Resource. [Fig. 11-8]
Giotto. Madonna and Child Enthroned. c Tempera on panel. 10 ft. 8 in. × 6 ft. 8-1/4 in. Alinari/Art Resource. [Fig. 11-8]

9. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Studies for the Libyan Sibyl. c. 1510
Michelangelo Buonarroti. Studies for the Libyan Sibyl. c Red chalk on paper. 11-3/8 × 8- 7/16 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, ( ). [Fig. 11-9]
Michelangelo Buonarroti. Studies for the Libyan Sibyl. c Red chalk on paper. 11-3/8 × 8- 7/16 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, ( ). [Fig. 11-9]

10. Michelangelo Buonarroti. The Libyan Sibyl. 1511–12. Fresco. A
Michelangelo Buonarroti. The Libyan Sibyl. 1511–12. Fresco. A. Bracchetti/P. Zigrossi/IKONA. [Fig ]
Michelangelo Buonarroti. The Libyan Sibyl. 1511–12. Fresco. A. Bracchetti/P. Zigrossi/IKONA. [Fig ]

11. Sandro Botticelli. Primavera. c. 1482
Sandro Botticelli. Primavera. c Tempera on a gesso ground on poplar panel. 80 × 123-1/4 in. Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Sandro Botticelli. Primavera. c Tempera on a gesso ground on poplar panel. 80 × 123-1/4 in. Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

12. Julie Green. Don’t Name Fish after Friends. 1999–2009
Julie Green. Don’t Name Fish after Friends. 1999–2009. Egg tempera on panel. 24 × 18 in. Courtesty of the artist. [Fig ]
Julie Green. Don’t Name Fish after Friends. 1999–2009. Egg tempera on panel. 24 × 18 in. Courtesty of the artist. [Fig ]

13. Diagram of a section of a fifteenth-century oil painting demonstrating the luminosity of the medium. Line art. [Fig ]
Diagram of a section of a fifteenth-century oil painting demonstrating the luminosity of the medium. Line art. [Fig ]

14. Workshop of the Master of Flémalle (probably Robert Campin)
Workshop of the Master of Flémalle (probably Robert Campin). The Annunciation (The Mérode Altarpiece). c. 1425–30. Oil on wood, triptych. central panel: 25-1/4 × 24-7/8 in.; each wing: 25-3/8 × 10-3/4 in. The Cloisters Collection, 1956 (56.70). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY YES. [Fig ]
Workshop of the Master of Flémalle (probably Robert Campin). The Annunciation (The Mérode Altarpiece). c. 1425–30. Oil on wood, triptych. central panel: 25-1/4 × 24-7/8 in.; each wing: 25-3/8 × 10-3/4 in. The Cloisters Collection, 1956 (56.70). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY YES. [Fig ]

15. The Master of Flémalle (probably Robert Campin)
The Master of Flémalle (probably Robert Campin). The Annunciation (The Mérode Altarpiece), detail. c. 1425–30. Oil on wood, triptych. central panel: 25-1/4 × 24-7/8 in.; each wing: 25-3/8 × 10-3/4 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Cloisters Collection, 1956 (56.70). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. [Fig ]
The Master of Flémalle (probably Robert Campin). The Annunciation (The Mérode Altarpiece), detail. c. 1425–30. Oil on wood, triptych. central panel: 25-1/4 × 24-7/8 in.; each wing: 25-3/8 × 10-3/4 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Cloisters Collection, 1956 (56.70). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. [Fig ]

16. Jan de Heem. Still Life with Lobster. late 1640s. Oil on canvas
Jan de Heem. Still Life with Lobster. late 1640s. Oil on canvas. 25-1/8 × 33-1/4 in. The Toledo Museum of Art (Toledo, Ohio.) Purchased with funds from the Libbey Endowment, Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey, [Fig ]
Jan de Heem. Still Life with Lobster. late 1640s. Oil on canvas. 25-1/8 × 33-1/4 in. The Toledo Museum of Art (Toledo, Ohio.) Purchased with funds from the Libbey Endowment, Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey, [Fig ]

17. Antonio López García. New Refrigerator. 1991–94. Oil on canvas
Antonio López García. New Refrigerator. 1991–94. Oil on canvas. 94-1/2 × 74-13/16 in. Collection of the Artist. Photograph © Unidad Movil U & M Fotografia Especializada. [Fig ]
Antonio López García. New Refrigerator. 1991–94. Oil on canvas. 94-1/2 × 74-13/16 in. Collection of the Artist. Photograph © Unidad Movil U & M Fotografia Especializada. [Fig ]

18. Pat Passlof. Dancing Shoes. 1998. Oil on linen. 80 × 132 in
Pat Passlof. Dancing Shoes Oil on linen. 80 × 132 in. Courtesy of the artist and Elizabeth Harris Gallery. [Fig ]
Pat Passlof. Dancing Shoes Oil on linen. 80 × 132 in. Courtesy of the artist and Elizabeth Harris Gallery. [Fig ]

19. Milton Resnick’s U + Me in progress (left view)
Milton Resnick’s U + Me in progress (left view). Left: July 25, 1995; right: July 26, Henry M. Sayre. [Fig a]
Milton Resnick’s U + Me in progress (left view). Left: July 25, 1995; right: July 26, Henry M. Sayre. [Fig a]

20. Milton Resnick’s U + Me in progress (right view)
Milton Resnick’s U + Me in progress (right view). Left: July 25, 1995; right: July 26, Henry M. Sayre. [Fig b]
Milton Resnick’s U + Me in progress (right view). Left: July 25, 1995; right: July 26, Henry M. Sayre. [Fig b]

21. Milton Resnick. U + Me. 1995. Oil on canvas. 93-1/4 × 104-1/2 in
Milton Resnick. U + Me Oil on canvas. 93-1/4 × 104-1/2 in. © Milton Resnick. Courtesy ofCheim and Reid. [Fig ]
Milton Resnick. U + Me Oil on canvas. 93-1/4 × 104-1/2 in. © Milton Resnick. Courtesy ofCheim and Reid. [Fig ]

22. Xu Wei. Grapes. Ming dynasty, c. 1580–93. Hanging scroll, ink on paper
Xu Wei. Grapes. Ming dynasty, c. 1580–93. Hanging scroll, ink on paper. 65-1/4 × 25-3/8 in. Palace Museum, Beijing. Collection of The Palace Museum, Beijing. [Fig ]
Xu Wei. Grapes. Ming dynasty, c. 1580–93. Hanging scroll, ink on paper. 65-1/4 × 25-3/8 in. Palace Museum, Beijing. Collection of The Palace Museum, Beijing. [Fig ]

23. Winslow Homer. A Wall, Nassau. 1898. Watercolor and pencil on paper
Winslow Homer. A Wall, Nassau Watercolor and pencil on paper. 14-3/4 × 21-1/2 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Amelia B. Lazarus Fund, 1910 ( ). [Fig ]
Winslow Homer. A Wall, Nassau Watercolor and pencil on paper. 14-3/4 × 21-1/2 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Amelia B. Lazarus Fund, 1910 ( ). [Fig ]

24. Per Kirkeby. Untitled (The Blue Sea). 2006
Per Kirkeby. Untitled (The Blue Sea) Watercolor and charcoal on paper. 11-1/4 × 8-1/4 in. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC / Art Resource, NY. © 2012 The Estate of John Marin / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig ]
Per Kirkeby. Untitled (The Blue Sea) Watercolor and charcoal on paper. 11-1/4 × 8-1/4 in. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC / Art Resource, NY. © 2012 The Estate of John Marin / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig ]

25. Jacob Lawrence. You can buy bootleg whiskey for twenty-five cents a quart, from the Harlem Series Gouache on paper. 15-1/2 × 22-1/2 in. © 2012 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Lawrence Foundation, Seattle/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon, Helen Thurston Ayer Fund. [Fig ]
Jacob Lawrence. You can buy bootleg whiskey for twenty-five cents a quart, from the Harlem Series Gouache on paper. 15-1/2 × 22-1/2 in. © 2012 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Lawrence Foundation, Seattle/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon, Helen Thurston Ayer Fund. [Fig ]

26. Helen Frankenthaler. The Bay. 1963. Acrylic on canvas. 6 ft
Helen Frankenthaler. The Bay Acrylic on canvas. 6 ft. 8-3/4 in × 6 ft. 9-1/2 in. Detroit Institute of Arts, USA / Founders Society Purchase, Dr & Mrs Hilbert H. DeLawter Fund / The Bridgeman Art Library. © 2012 Helen Frankenthaler / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig ]
Helen Frankenthaler. The Bay Acrylic on canvas. 6 ft. 8-3/4 in × 6 ft. 9-1/2 in. Detroit Institute of Arts, USA / Founders Society Purchase, Dr & Mrs Hilbert H. DeLawter Fund / The Bridgeman Art Library. © 2012 Helen Frankenthaler / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig ]

27. Judith F. Baca. The Great Wall of Los Angeles, detail, Division of the Barrios and Chavez Ravine. 1976–continuing. Mural. height 13 ft. (whole mural more than 1 mile long). Courtesy of the artist. Photo © SPARC, Venice, CA. [Fig ]
Judith F. Baca. The Great Wall of Los Angeles, detail, Division of the Barrios and Chavez Ravine. 1976–continuing. Mural. height 13 ft. (whole mural more than 1 mile long). Courtesy of the artist. Photo © SPARC, Venice, CA. [Fig ]

28. Kenny Scharf. Mural on Houston Street, Soho, Manhattan, New York
Kenny Scharf. Mural on Houston Street, Soho, Manhattan, New York. 5/31/2011. Mural. © Michel Setboun/Corbis. [Fig ]
Kenny Scharf. Mural on Houston Street, Soho, Manhattan, New York. 5/31/2011. Mural. © Michel Setboun/Corbis. [Fig ]

29. Juan Gris. The Table Colored papers, printed matter, charcoal on paper mounted on canvas. 23-1/2 × 17-1/2 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Juan Gris. The Table Colored papers, printed matter, charcoal on paper mounted on canvas. 23-1/2 × 17-1/2 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

30. Romare Bearden. The Dove. 1964
Romare Bearden. The Dove Cut-and-pasted paper, gouache, pencil, and colored pencil on cardboard. 13-3/8 × 18-3/4 in. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. Art © Romare Bearden Foundation/Licensed by VAGA, NY. Art © Romare Bearden Foundation/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig ]
Romare Bearden. The Dove Cut-and-pasted paper, gouache, pencil, and colored pencil on cardboard. 13-3/8 × 18-3/4 in. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. Art © Romare Bearden Foundation/Licensed by VAGA, NY. Art © Romare Bearden Foundation/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig ]

31. Hannah Höch. Study for Collage “Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany” Ballpoint pen sketch on white board. 10-5/8 × 8-5/8 in. bpk, Berlin/Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz Nationalgalerie/Jorg R. Anders/Art Resource, NY. © 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn. [Fig ]
Hannah Höch. Study for Collage “Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany” Ballpoint pen sketch on white board. 10-5/8 × 8-5/8 in. bpk, Berlin/Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz Nationalgalerie/Jorg R. Anders/Art Resource, NY. © 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn. [Fig ]

32. Hannah Höch. Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany Collage. 44-7/8 × 35-7/16 in. bpk, Berlin/Kulturbesitz, Nationalgalerie/Jorg R. Anders/Art Resource, NY. © 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn. [Fig ]
Hannah Höch. Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany Collage. 44-7/8 × 35-7/16 in. bpk, Berlin/Kulturbesitz, Nationalgalerie/Jorg R. Anders/Art Resource, NY. © 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn. [Fig ]

33. Patricia Patterson. The Kitchen. 1985
Patricia Patterson. The Kitchen Table, chairs, mantel, objects, floor tiles, and casein on canvas painting. painting: 60 × 107 in; overall dimensions vary with each installation (as illustrated: 80 × 144 × 180 in.). Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego. Museum Purchase, 90:11.1–43. © 1985 Patricia Patterson. [Fig ]
Patricia Patterson. The Kitchen Table, chairs, mantel, objects, floor tiles, and casein on canvas painting. painting: 60 × 107 in; overall dimensions vary with each installation (as illustrated: 80 × 144 × 180 in.). Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego. Museum Purchase, 90:11.1–43. © 1985 Patricia Patterson. [Fig ]

34. Kara Walker. Insurrection
Kara Walker. Insurrection! (Our Tools Were Rudimentary, Yet We Pressed On), (installation view 1 of 2) Cut paper silhouettes and light projections, site-specific dimensions. Dimensions vary with installation. One of many views. Purchased with funds contributed by the International Director's Council and Executive Committee Members, Photo by Ellen Labenski ©Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. Courtesy of the artist and Sikkema Jenkins & Co. [Fig ]
Kara Walker. Insurrection! (Our Tools Were Rudimentary, Yet We Pressed On), (installation view 1 of 2) Cut paper silhouettes and light projections, site-specific dimensions. Dimensions vary with installation. One of many views. Purchased with funds contributed by the International Director's Council and Executive Committee Members, Photo by Ellen Labenski ©Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. Courtesy of the artist and Sikkema Jenkins & Co. [Fig ]

35. Kara Walker. Insurrection
Kara Walker. Insurrection! (Our Tools Were Rudimentary, Yet We Pressed On), (installation view 2 of 2) Cut paper silhouettes and light projections, site-specific dimensions. Dimensions vary with installation. One of many views. Purchased with funds contributed by the International Director's Council and Executive Committee Members, Photo: Ellen Labenski © The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York Courtesy of the artist and Sikkema Jenkins & Co. [Fig ]
Kara Walker. Insurrection! (Our Tools Were Rudimentary, Yet We Pressed On), (installation view 2 of 2) Cut paper silhouettes and light projections, site-specific dimensions. Dimensions vary with installation. One of many views. Purchased with funds contributed by the International Director's Council and Executive Committee Members, Photo: Ellen Labenski © The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York Courtesy of the artist and Sikkema Jenkins & Co. [Fig ]

36. Robert Rauschenberg. Monogram. 1955–59
Robert Rauschenberg. Monogram. 1955–59. Freestanding combine: oil, fabric, wood, on canvas and wood, rubber heel, tennis ball, metal plaque, hardware, stuffed Angora goat, rubber tire, mounted on four wheels. 42 × 63-1/4 × 64-1/2 in. Art © Estate of Robert Rauschenberg/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig ]
Robert Rauschenberg. Monogram. 1955–59. Freestanding combine: oil, fabric, wood, on canvas and wood, rubber heel, tennis ball, metal plaque, hardware, stuffed Angora goat, rubber tire, mounted on four wheels. 42 × 63-1/4 × 64-1/2 in. Art © Estate of Robert Rauschenberg/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig ]

37. Robert Rauschenberg. Monogram, First State. Photo: Harry Shunk
Robert Rauschenberg. Monogram, First State. Photo: Harry Shunk. Art © Estate of Robert Rauschenberg/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig ]
Robert Rauschenberg. Monogram, First State. Photo: Harry Shunk. Art © Estate of Robert Rauschenberg/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig ]

38. Franz Ackermann. Coming Home and (Meet Me) At the Waterfall. 2009
Franz Ackermann. Coming Home and (Meet Me) At the Waterfall Acrylic on wall. dimensions variable. © Erich Schlegel/Corbis. Courtesy of the artist and White Cube. [Fig ]
Franz Ackermann. Coming Home and (Meet Me) At the Waterfall Acrylic on wall. dimensions variable. © Erich Schlegel/Corbis. Courtesy of the artist and White Cube. [Fig ]

39. Fred Tomaselli. Airborne Event. 2003
Fred Tomaselli. Airborne Event Mixed media, acrylic, and resin on wood. 84 × 60 × 1-1/2 in. Image Courtesy of James Cohan Gallery, New York. [Fig ]
Fred Tomaselli. Airborne Event Mixed media, acrylic, and resin on wood. 84 × 60 × 1-1/2 in. Image Courtesy of James Cohan Gallery, New York. [Fig ]