1. THE LONDON UNDERGROUND

2. AKA “The Tube” Oldest underground network in the world 270 stations 11 lines 270 miles 3.2 million passengers

3. Why underground? Congested streets No transport links to the City

4. Idea by Charles Pearson Received financial backing in 1854 Opened 1863 Opened 1868 Opened 1884 Charles Pearson Solicitor, City of London

5. Construction Cut and Cover Method

6. The Tunnelling Shield Invented by James Henry Greathead Deep underground tunnels Eliminated disruption Protected workers and stopped tunnel subsiding https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=YDFpC 4O0roA#t=220s

7. Dig three metres a day First line finished in four years Used in the construction of:

8. Last line: extension of Jubilee Line, 1999 Connected Canary Wharf financial district Tunnel constructed by Kawasakio Earth Pressure Balance (E.P.B) boring machine https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=2W6KLvwz-CU#t=47s

9. The trains Steam trains Ventilation Used on sub-surface lines

10. First used 1890 Deep level tube lines Cleaner, quieter, faster

11. The Tube today

12. The Future Currently under construction “Underground mainline” service Connect the City, Heathrow and West End with commuter areas Direct travel across the city Reduce congestion on Tube

13. New trains: 200m long 1500 person capacity Accessible for people with restricted mobility Comfortable passenger experience

14. Paddington

16. Tottenham Court Road

17. Canary Wharf

19. The Route

20. New York City Subway First line opened in 1904 10 major trunk lines 421 stations Runs some 24 hour lines

21. Paris Metro 16 lines 301 stations Main construction 1900-1920 Dense network 245 stations within 34 sq miles

22. Tokyo 8.7 million passengers a day 13 lines 274 stations Began operation 1927