1. The Reformation Spreads

2. England Becomes Protestant
Henry VIII Wants a Son
• Henry has only daughter, needs male heir to rule England
• Henry wants a divorce; Pope refuses to annul—set aside—his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon

3. The Reformation Parliament
• Parliament passes laws ending pope’s power in England
• Henry remarries, becomes official head of England’s Church
• Thomas More refuses to go against Catholic Church and is beheaded

4. Consequences of Henry’s Changes
• Henry has six wives and three children
• Religious turmoil follows Henry’s death (1547)
• Protestantism under King Edward, then Catholicism under Queen Mary

5. Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
• Henry’s second daughter, Queen Elizabeth I, forms Anglican Church
• Anglican Church is acceptable to moderate Catholics and Protestants. It is the most Catholic of the Protestant churches.
• “Puritans” don’t like it

6. Calvin Continues the Reformation
Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas
• John Calvin writes Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536):
- we are sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation
- God chooses who will be saved—predestination
• Calvinism—religion based on Calvin’s teachings

7. Belief in predestination leads to the “Protestant work ethic”

8. Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland
• Calvin says ideal government is theocracy—rule by religious leaders
• Geneva becomes a strict Protestant theocracy led by Calvin
Calvinism Spreads
• John Knox brings Calvinism to Scotland, followers are Presbyterians
• Church governed by laymen called presbyters, or elders
• Calvin’s followers in France called Huguenots
• Catholics massacre Huguenots in Paris (1572)
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, August 1572, Francois Dubois.

9. The Catholic Reformation
A Counter Reformation
• Catholic Reformation—seeks to reform Catholic Church from within
Ignatius of Loyola
• Leading Catholic reformer
• His Spiritual Exercises (1522) calls for meditation, prayer, and study
• Pope creates Society of Jesus religious order, the Jesuits
• Jesuits follow Ignatius, start schools, convert non-Christians

10. Pope Paul III calls Council of Trent to lay out reforms:
- Church’s interpretation of Bible is final
- Christians need faith and good works for salvation
- Bible and Church traditions equally important
- Indulgences are valid expressions of faith (but should not be sold)

11. • Church uses the Inquisition to seek out heresy
• Paul IV issues Index of Forbidden Books (1559); books burned
The Burning of the Books from Stories from the Life of Saint Dominic

12. The Legacy of the Reformation
Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation
• Catholic Church is smaller
• Protestant denominations grow
• Catholics and Protestants create schools throughout Europe
• Status of women does not improve
Political Effects of the Reformation
• Catholic Church’s power lessens, power of monarchs and states grow
• Reformation’s questioning of beliefs brings intellectual ferment
• Late 18th century sees a new intellectual movement—the Enlightenment