1. Part III: The Protestant and Catholic Reformation A. Influence of the Catholic Church 1. Church was involved in the lives of everyone from peasants to nobles & monarchs. a. Most people were very religious a. Most people were very religious 2. The Church was based in Vatican City, within Rome, Italy 2. The Church was based in Vatican City, within Rome, Italy

2. 3. Church Hierarchy a. Pope- leader of the church & viewed as closest to Jesus & God & final decision maker on issues concerning faith & morals b. Cardinals c. Arch Bishops c. Arch Bishops d. Bishops d. Bishops e. Priests- had most interactions with the people e. Priests- had most interactions with the people f. Laity (followers)- largest group f. Laity (followers)- largest group

3. 4. Impact of the printing press on Religion a. people began interpreting the bible for themselves, they did not have to rely on church leaders b. people became more critical of priests & their behavior

4. 5. Complaints against the Church a. corruption -Pope was wasting money & living in luxury -Pope & priests were having children or getting married b. priests were uneducated, drinking, gambling

5. c. Church had too much power and influence

6. B. Calls for Reform (change) of the Church (1300-1400’s) 1. Early Reformers a. believed that church leaders should behave better b. believed the Bible had more authority than church leaders c. many reformers were accused of heresy (wanting to change a long held belief) & sentenced to death Italian friar Girolamo Savonarola

7. 2. Martin Luther Challenges the Church a. Martin Luther was a German monk who believed in reforming the church b. biggest complaint was the selling of indulgences (pardons for sinning) to for the church b. biggest complaint was the selling of indulgences (pardons for sinning) to raise money for the church -people thought they could buy their way into heaven

8. 3. Luther Publicly Calls for Reform (1517) a. Luther posts his “95 Theses” (formal statements) on a church & his ideas spread b. This began the Reformation (movement for religious reform)

9. c. Main Ideas of the 95 Theses -faith in God’s forgiveness & good behavior are keys to salvation (getting into heaven) -Church teachings should be based on the bible -Church teachings should be based on the bible -people in faith are equal & priests are not needed to interpret the bible -people in faith are equal & priests are not needed to interpret the bible

10. d. Luther was excommunicated (cut off) from the Cath. Chur. e. People continued to follow his teachings & were called Lutherans. -believed priests should marry f. German princes who supported Luther & protested the Catholic Church were called Protestants -today “protestant” refers to Christians who are not Catholic.

11. 4. England Becomes Protestant a. Henry VIII wanted a divorce but pope says NO! b. Henry breaks from the power of the pope & declares himself the head of the Church of England (Anglican) c. Anglican Church was very similar to Catho. Chur. but priests could marry

12. 5. Calvin Begins another Protestant Church a. Beliefs (Calvinism) -men & women are naturally sinful -God knew from the beginning who will be saved (predestination) -ideal government is a theocracy (controlled) by religious leaders) -very strict

13. C. The Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) 1. Cath. Reform.- movement to reform the church & get Catholics to remain loyal. a. Ignatius Loyola- cath. reformer who founded the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) b. 3 Goals - set up schools & colleges throughout Europe -convert non-Christians to Catholics by sending out missionaries -stop the spread of Protestantism

14. 2. Popes lead Reforms a. Selling of Indulgences & other church abuses were investigated b. Inquisition- formal trials held by the Cath. Church to seek out & punish heresy in pope’s territory -sometimes brutal punishments were used to force people to confess or take back heretical views. -sometimes brutal punishments were used to force people to confess or take back heretical views. Pope Paul III (1534-1549) Pope Paul IV (1555-1559)

16. c. Council of Trent (1545- 1563)- leaders in Cath. Chur. meet & agree on several doctrines (body of principles) -Church interpretation of Bible was final -Christians need faith & good works for salvation -Bible & Church were equal d. Index of Forbidden Books- list of offensive books that were burned