1. Public Opinion, the Legislature, and the Court System Court Systems and Practices

2. Copyright and Terms of Service Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. These materials are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the property of the Texas Education Agency (TEA) and may not be reproduced without the express written permission of TEA, except under the following conditions: 1) Texas public school districts, charter schools, and Education Service Centers may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for the districts’ and schools’ educational use without obtaining permission from TEA. 2) Residents of the state of Texas may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for individual personal use only, without obtaining written permission of TEA. 3) Any portion reproduced must be reproduced in its entirety and remain unedited, unaltered and unchanged in any way. 4) No monetary charge can be made for the reproduced materials or any document containing them; however, a reasonable charge to cover only the cost of reproduction and distribution may be charged. Private entities or persons located in Texas that are not Texas public school districts, Texas Education Service Centers, or Texas charter schools or any entity, whether public or private, educational or non-educational, located outside the state of Texas MUST obtain written approval from TEA and will be required to enter into a license agreement that may involve the payment of a licensing fee or a royalty. Contact TEA Copyrights with any questions you may have.TEA Copyrights Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. 2

3. Public Opinion What the majority of the public thinks about a topic It is measured using things such as – Polls and surveys – Elections 3 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

4. The Legislature The branch of government that makes the laws that the court system rules on In the end, the legislature is influenced by public opinion since lawmakers are elected officials that must keep their constituents happy to get reelected 4 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

5. How the Public Opinion Affects the Court System Many times judges hold elected positions. If the majority of their voters do not agree with their philosophies on rulings, they can be voted out. The elected judges may have this in mind as they make decisions 5 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

6. How the Public Opinion Affects the Court System (continued) District Attorneys are elected positions for each county, and they are the ones who make the ultimate decision on whether or not to prosecute someone or how they should prosecute 6 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

7. How the Public Opinion Affects the Court System (continued) If there is a jury trying the case, they may have to be sequestered so they are not influenced by the media 7 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

8. How the Public Opinion Affects the Court System (continued) Jury members may not want to face scrutiny for their decisions, especially if they had already prejudged the case or know how their friends and family members would think about the case 8 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

9. How the Legislature Affects the Court System The legislature determines what is or is not a crime, thus determining what cases the court gets to decide on The legislature passes laws that may affect the way courts function: – Mandatory sentencing – The class of the crime and what court hears it, such as a misdemeanor instead of a felony court 9 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

10. How the Court System Affects Itself If a similar case has been ruled on before, the judge may lean on the precedent already set This occurs throughout the country with Supreme Court decisions Other relevant cases are automatically decided or reversed based on what the Supreme Court rules 10 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

11. How the Court System Affects Itself (continued) Lawmakers then decide what could or could not be made against the law based on how the courts have ruled on similar laws and issues 11 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

12. Historical Influence In the past, there was a private prosecution system where the victims had the power and responsibility to prosecute crimes By the time of the American Revolution a public prosecution system was in place Crimes then became public concerns instead of just private concerns 12 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

13. Historical Influence (continued) It was not as much about the individual being the victim as society being the victim This kept sentences from being as vindictive Starting in the 1960s, the pendulum started to swing the other way with more emphasis on the individual instead of the community 13 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

14. Factors of Influence Politics The type of crime or issue The victim The suspect The media Lobbyists Religion The public’s knowledge about the issue 14 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

15. Politics This ties back to the legislature and elections There are normally two philosophies that dominate lawmakers and judges: – Liberalism – Conservatism 15 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

16. Politics (continued) Liberals – Value self expression – Value individual privacy, such as matters of religious or sexual preferences – Demand social control in the commercial sphere – At the workplace or in the stock markets 16 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

17. Politics (continued) Conservatives – Focus on self control in individual privacy matters – Defend untempered self expression in the commercial sphere for employers and producers – Oppose government restrictions on the marketplace 17 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

18. Type of Crime or Issue People are opinionated about some crimes or topics. Lawmakers and courts may have to vote or decide on these issues with public opinion in mind. Some of them are – The death penalty – Gay marriage – Abortion – Sex crimes – Healthcare – Gun rights 18 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

19. Type of Crime or Issue (continued) If someone has been a victim or suspect of a specific crime he or she may have a reaction to it that others would not have 19 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

20. Type of Victim or Suspect Decisions of the court system have shown to be greatly affected by who the victim is. Some of the factors that influence these decisions are – Social class – Sex – Race – Age – Celebrity status 20 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

21. Type of Victim or Suspect (continued) Celebrity status – Most people agree that O.J. Simpson was found not guilty for the double murder charge because of his status – The same with Michael Jackson and his sex crime charges – On the other hand, former New York Giants wide receiver Plaxico Burress received the maximum amount of punishment for illegally carrying a gun in New York City because the district attorney wanted to make an example of him 21 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

22. Type of Victim or Suspect (continued) Those who know the suspect or victim may have a certain opinion about how the case should be handled 22 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

23. Media The news agencies and newspapers have a lot of power in deciding what they will and will not cover If they don’t cover a topic, the public may not be knowledgeable enough about it to form an opinion 23 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

24. Media (continued) If a reporter has a bias for or against the topic, he or she may not including certain facts about the topic and try to influence what the public thinks about it 24 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

25. Media (continued) What people see in the movies or on TV can influence them. This can be a problem: – Sometimes the producers have a bias and are trying to appeal to people’s emotions about the topic while not including all of the facts – Producers and actors are in the business to make money and are more concerned about the entertainment value instead of making sure all of the facts are right 25 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

26. Lobbyists – People who are paid by companies or organizations to represent their interests to lawmakers and influence the way lawmakers vote in favor of whom they represent – Lots of money is paid to lobbyists to do this – The more money an effort has, the better representation and influence they have with lawmakers 26 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

27. Religion – Many people form their beliefs about issues based on their religion – A lot of the religions have common beliefs on the same issues – Protest groups and lobbyists may represent groups made up mostly of religious people with these shared beliefs on a particular topic 27 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

28. The Public’s Knowledge about the Issue Wrong perception of the crime or issue – The public may want harsher penalties on crimes that statistically are not as bad as the media claims – The public may not realize the impact certain laws will have, even on their own way of life, until after they are passed 28 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

29. The Public’s Knowledge About the Issue (continued) Incorrect perceptions about the criminal justice system that have the public demanding harsher penalties – Assumptions that criminals do not take responsibility for their actions – The belief that prisoners do not do anything in prison but watch television, and don’t serve their whole sentence 29 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

30. The Public’s Knowledge About the Issue (continued) The public has the tendency to see itself as a potential victim instead of a potential suspect of a crime 30 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

31. Resources 0201622742, It’s All The Rage: Crime and Culture, Wendy Kaminer, 1995. 31 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.