1. Nervous Tissue
Ch 12

2. Function of the Nervous System
sensory input
motor input
sensory receptor
effector
Function of the Nervous System
integration

3. Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain
spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
cranial nerves
spinal nerves

4. Organization of the Nervous System

5. Organization of the Nervous System
brain
spinal cord
CNS NS
SNS (voluntary)
PNS
(spine & cranial nerves)
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
ANS (involuntary)
Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)

6. CNS
PNS
brain
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
spinal cord

7. Neuroglia

8. Typical Neuron
dendrite
cell body
Myelin sheath
Synapse
axon

9. Myelin Sheath

10. Myelin Sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Schwann Cells
Axon

11. Types of Neurons unipolar bipolar multipolar eye, ear, & olfactory
most abundant type in CNS
Dorsal root
ganglion cells

12. Neuron Interaction & Integration
sensory neuron
sensory receptors
interneuron
effector
Interaction Between Neurons
motor neuron

13. Resting Potential of an Axon

14. Resting Potential of an Axon

15. Depolarization of the Axon Membrane

16. Action Potential

17. Propagation of an Action Potential

18. Propagation of an Action Potential

19. Refractory Period

20. Saltatory Conduction

21. Synapses Ca2+ Presynaptic neuron Postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

22. EPSP & IPSP

23. Synapses

24. Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine- slows heart rate; PNS
Glutamate- most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain
Aspartate- in CNS
GABA- inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glycine- inhibitory neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine- awakening from deep sleep
Epinephrine- increase heart rate
Dopamine- movement of skeletal muscles
Seratonin- sensory perception, temp regulation, mood, sleep
Nitric oxide- may play a role in memory and learning
Enkephalin- inhibit pain impulses by suppressing release of substance P
Substance P- enhances perception of pain
tyrosine

25. Neurotransmitters

26. Types of Circuits in Neuronal Pools

27. Neuronal Circuits Converging circuit same source
Pacinian corpuscles -- pressure
different sources
control of respiration
Diverging Circuit
permits broad distribution of a specific input
types
A.  amplification
B.  divergence into multiple tracts

28. Neuronal Circuits Parallel after-charge circuit
several neurons process same information at one time
each chain has a different number of synapses, but eventually they all reconverge on a single output
output neuron may go on firing for some time after input has ceased
important in withdrawal reflexes
longer-lasting output from small period of pain 

29. Neuronal Circuits Reverberating Circuit
axons extend back toward the sources of an impulse and further stimulate the presynaptic neuron
helps maintain consciousness, muscular coordination, normal breathing, short term memory... 

30. Neuron to Neuron Transmission
synapses
Afferent (sensory)
Integration center
Interaction Between Neurons
Efferent (motor)

31. Nerve Damage & Repair in PNS
Interaction Between Neurons
chromatolysis
Wallerian degeneration

32. Nerve Damage & Repair in PNS
Myelin sheath
axon
cell body
Shwann cell
chromatolysis
Shwann cell
Interaction Between Neurons
Wallerian degeneration
Regeneration tube
Regeneration