1. Geography Natalie Andrews NGA

2. Beginning the Study 6 S 209 Made maps based on previous knowledge Knowledge came from nomads & wanders Traveled from Arabia to China Used guidebooks written for pilgrimage NGA

3. Muslim Expansion 1 S 118 Expansion reached farther than some known empires All the way to Iceland, down rivers and to Scandinavia Made many trading routes within the empire Cartographers worked hard to clarity trade routes and roads Took info from many ancient texts NGA

4. Maps 1 S 118 Greeks used lines of latitude for temperature zones Ptomely plotted regions, positions and distances Put in medians and parallels Muslim work is based off Ptomely’s work, instead of more recent Indian, Persian and European work NGA

5. Al-Idrisi’s map 6 P 209 A morocan scholar at Roger III’s court in Palerino Created circular map Danube, Niger, Nile, Volga, Ganges, Yahtzee Mediterranean basin and Central Asia Ptolemic system of dividing world into seven climes NGA

6. Overview 10 P 209 Muslims need to face Mecca for prayers Maps and compasses required for Mecca prayers Mixture of different cultures for studies Unique tables and maps were created NGA

7. Background 10 P 1 Started cartography to help Muslims find Mecca Used all spherical trigonometry and math available Purpose for maps spread to be also to help trade For trade, cartographers paid attention to coasts, topographical features and town NGA

8. Division 1 P 118 Divided the world into 7-9 regions Earth had a great, encircling ocean that fed into the two main bodies of water in the world- Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean Water separated by the Isthmus of Suez NGA

9. Division 1 P 119 Abu Ishaq al-Istakhri and Ibn Hauqal, both cartographers, workecd with the Balkhi School divided the lands of Islam into 20 regions Non Islamic lands were still having disputes over land and territories, when Arabs were working together NGA

10. Travel for Discovery 1 P 119 Sturdier ways for travel were built, creating more luxury in travel People started to record their travels much more carefully After travelling to China, 11 th century Muslims got the compass Used compass for direction afterwards and put it on maps NGA

11. Islamic Atlases 1 P 120 Diagrammatic itineraries were included Showed towns that connected to roads, very similar to fold-out car maps nowadays NGA

12. Al-Idrisi 1 P 120 King requested a map, al-Idrisi made a circle map Map was large, silver relief map, which he reproduced onto 71 other maps Wrote descriptive treatises NGA

13. Effects of Cartography 1 P 120-121 West Europeans went on to use the maps to explore the world, went to all continents Vasco da Gorna, Portuguese exploerer, went around Africa with Arab pilot who created a guide for crossing the Indian Ocean Turkish Ottoman cartographer, Piri Re’is, created a detailed map of the Mediterranean with western influences NGA

14. Chemistry 11 P 123 Arabs focused mainly on alchemy Still, they discovered alcohol, nitric and sulfuric acids, sewer nitrate and potassium Determined the weight of bodies Mastered sublimation, crystallization and distilled water NGA

15. Universalism 10 P 1 Arabs worked to make a system that could be used throughout the empire The system consisted of directions and distances Longest single table of the system had 500,000 entries and was done entirely by hand, including the calculations NGA

16. Impact 11 P 1 Through travels they were able to map most of the known world Developed new and useful coordinate systems Created “projections” which were spherical surface of earth, which lead to the Mercator projection Determined the length of latitude and longitude NGA