1. NOTE: To change the image on this slide, select the picture and delete it. Then click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2.2

2. We will learn:  Where & when psychology begin as a field of study  How the understanding of personality developed over time  Current topics of psychological study in Canada today

3. Fields of Study in Psychology Psychoanalysis Analyzes inner experiences and the mind Behavioural Psychology Analyzes principles of behaviour Cognitive Psychology Analyzes perception, learning, memory & reasoning

4. Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud  Probed the innermost experiences* of people  *thoughts, feelings, fantasies, dreams  To help people deal with severe anxieties & tensions

5. Behavioural Psychology  Some psychologists became dissatisfied with psychoanalysis  Unreliable  Depended on patient’s ability to describe own experiences  Easier to study behaviour, since it is observable than the invisible mind  John Watson: “the prediction and control of behaviour”  Used animals believing that their behaviour would help us understand human behaviour

6. Experiments in Behaviourism  Edward Lee Thorndike  Put cats in a cage, left food outside it, timed them to see how long it would take to learn to open a small door  They seemed to learn more and more quickly, building on previous experience  Law of effect: behaviours that result in a positive outcome will be repeated; those that result in a negative outcome will be avoided

7. Cognitive Psychology  Studies how people perceive and deal with their environment  How people learn & remember  Where in the brain memories are stored  How we gain and use language  How we reason & make decisions

8. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)  Generally recognized as the founder of psychoanalysis  His basic assumption:  Human mind has two parts  Conscious mind: memories we can recall  Unconscious mind: memories we can’t recall  Unconscious > conscious  Unconscious needed to be explored to help deal with mental disorders

9. How Freud “unlocked” memories  Freud first believed in hypnosis, later doubted it  Later developed: free association  Patient very relaxed,  Therapist read a list of words, patient responded with first ideas that came to mind  The responses helped discover the secrets of mind  Dream analysis helped understand personality

10. Three elements of human mind  Id  Pleasure-seeking,  Primitive parts of personality  Aggression  Sexual desire(These can be self-destructive)  Superego  Urges us to do good things  Ego  “referees” between id & superego  Acts as conscience, helps us judge right/wrong  Urges us to strive for perfection

11. Defense Mechanisms  Part of Freud’s most interesting work  Defense mechanisms:  Techniques used by the mind to deal with anxiety and to maintain self-esteem  E.g., denial, (refusing to acknowledge your own problem behaviour  Displacement, (shifting your anger/frustration  less threatening person  Repression, (hiding bad experiences from your consciousness)  Using these too often might cause someone to lose touch with reality

12. Sigmund Freud  One of the most important thinkers of the 20 th C  Certain followers rejected his theories  His ideas played a huge role in development of psychiatry

13. Alfred Adler (1870-1937)  Austrian (like Freud)  Initially followed & worked with Freud  Thought Freud’s ideas too rigid  Disagreed with him on the importance of sexuality  Freud believed: people were driven by sexual desire for conquest & excitement  Adler: people had desire for all kinds of power

14. Adler  Developed Individual Psychology therapy  He assumed: people were aware of their goals and values  He introduced the idea of the Inferiority Complex, i.e., since we “feel smaller” we compensate in ways to give ourselves “power”  Also believed in analyzing dreams, but rejected the idea that they revealed more about our sexuality

15. Carl Jung (1875-1961)  Swiss psychoanalyst  Founded Analytic Psychology  Worked with Freud too  Believed Freud’s ideas of the unconscious were too simplistic  Jung: unconscious mind has a personal & collective aspect

16. Jung: Personal & Collective Unconscious  Personal  Unique to the individual  Collective  Shared by all people  Contains memories of our ancestors  More important than personal unconscious

17. Jung: Four Psychological Functions & use of psychological power  Sensation  Intuition  Thinking  Feeling  People are either  INTROVERTS  Look inward  Emotionally self-sufficient  Prefer to be alone…  EXTROVERTS  Draw closer to others  Comfortable in large groups

18. Ivan Pavlov  Noticed:  UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS) UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)  E.g. FOOD SALIVATION  WE DO NOT NEED TO LEARN THIS CONNECTION: IT IS INSTINCTIVE / INNATE (i.e., inborn)  If a CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS) is added at the same time as the UCS UCR  FOOD (UCS) + BELL (CS) SALIVATION (UCR)  EVENTUALLY:  CS (alone) CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR) SALIVATION  UNCONDITIONED: not learned behaviour CONDITIONED: LEARNED BEHAVIOUR

19. PSYCHOLOGY IN CANADA TODAY  Role of human error in accidents  Medical conditions, e.g., anorexia, depression (physiological or emotional?)  Mental health…  Corrections Canada