2. The ocean as food More than 3 billion people obtain one-fifth or more of their animal protein from fish

6. North American fisheries

7. The Aquacalypse? Depletions are the norm world-wide Era of wild fish and seafood is ending

8. Aquaculture to the rescue?

9. Marine defaunation

13. World War 2 and the US- Russian Cold War Sonar used to track submarines repurposed to hunt fish High-powered diesel engines used in war boats outfitted into larger and larger factor trawlers Innovations in synthesizing plastic led to new, stronger nets and lines GPS and satellites developed for spying used to track fish

14. Super trawlers – fishing factories at sea

16. Cool/cold chains begin onboard

17. Case study: the Atlantic bluefin tuna

24. Types of fisheries Industrial fisheries Recreational fisheries Artisanal or traditional fisheries Commercial versus subsistence (fish not traded of sold)

25. Whaling is permitted for some indigenous groups as part of maintaining their traditional fishing customs. However, newer technology is used, thus it is no longer an entirely artisanal fishing practice http://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000001113959/barrow-journal-a-timeless-tradition.html

26. Salmon fisheries in Pacific Northwest Pre-European settlement: traditional Native American fisheries Subsistence fisheries, although fish likely traded First commercial European fisheries began in early 1800s. Declines from the 1920s onward

27. Overfishing led to programs to establish hatchery releases Hatchery stocking led to larger catches, and more investment Smaller less productive natural stocks declined Wild salmon now dependent on restocking However, two-thirds of the salmon eaten is farmed-raised rather than hatchery-released.

29. Commercial versus recreational fisheries Recreational fishing does have a significant ecological impact in some regions but not all. Technology has improved Number of anglers increasing Local aggregations for feeding or spawning may convey abundance, but it is local

30. Researchers discovered in a 2011 study that the populations of barred sand bass and kelp bass, two popular recreational species in Southern California. had declined by 90% since 1980 and have now collapsed. Their tendency to cluster while spawning created an illusion of plenty, which kept anglers coming back for more. They did not realize that they were pushing the total population to unsustainably low levels

31. Legal framework for fisheries The cannon shot rule defined a country’s legal waters (up to 1800’s) Beyond that distance, freedom of the seas (mare liberum) concept held World War 1 and 2 led to realization of need for legal definition of sovereign waters United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982 designated offshore economic zones of countries (EEZs) of 200 nautical miles, or approx. 230 miles In North America today, fisheries management plans mandated by Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA). In Europe, the Common Fisheries PolicyMagnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA)Common Fisheries Policy

32. Fishing regulations Restrictions on access Restrictions on where fishing is allowed Limits on the number of fishing licenses Seasonal closures Restrictions on effort Restrictions on fishing vessel size Restrictions on the length, mesh size and number of nets Limits on the number of hooks used Restrictions on catch

33. Total allowable catch (TAC) Limit set for a particular fishery, generally for a fishing season. Usually expressed in live-weight equivalent, but are sometimes set in terms of numbers of fish. Limits negotiated among regulatory groups, government entities, biologists, and fishermen When TAC met, fishery may close for the season

36. Individual transferable quotas A portion of a TAC, called a ITQ, can be allocated to individuals, corporations, or governments ITFs can typically be bought, sold and leased; they are transferable However, if overall TAC is met in a season, cannot honor ITQ

37. Fishing “derbies” TAC met in mere hours or days after the opening of the season Boats rush out all at once to catch as much as they can before the season's TAC gets met and the fishery is closed. These also produce a market glut: when catch arrives at the same time, prices fall.

38. Catch shares A remedy for fishing derbies In a catch share, fishermen are allotted a share of a TAC that they can harvest whenever they want, or trade or sell their share Fishing no longer restricted to short fishing seasons, can fish when they choose. Boom/bust market cycles disappear More independence for fishermen to set their own policies over many seasons

39. After the 2005 season, the Alaskan crab industry transitioned from a derby-style season to a catch share system

40. Catch shares are criticized for 1) their concentrated ownership in a few corporations or wealthy fleet owners that were initially given shares and 2) the high cost of shares limits their purchase by small operators

41. Catch share fisheries