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Daily Life in the Gilded Age Chapter 7 Section 1 Angela Brown
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Education n End of the Civil War ½ of white children attended free public schools. n High school diploma the exception n 1870 2% of 17 year olds graduated from high school – few went to college n 1900 – 31 states had laws requiring children ages 8-14 to attend school. n 1910 – 60% U.S. children attended school with more than a million students in high school.
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Immigrants and Education n Many immigrants placed a high value on U.S. public education. n One of the most important functions of public schools was to teach literacy. n Literacy Skills – the ability to read and write n Public school played a role in assimilating immigrants to the American way of life.
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n Assimilation – the process by which people of one culture become part of another. n Teachers taught thrift, patriotism and hard work. n Fearing Americanization, many immigrants sent their children to religious schools where they could learn their own cultural traditions in their native language. n As immigrants shared customs and habits from their own homelands, they enriched their new country and helped to redefine American culture.
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Uneven Support for Schools: n Schools for African Americans received far less money than white schools. n Mexican American in parts of the Southwest and California were segregated and less funded. n 1900, a small percentage of Native American children were receiving any formal schooling.
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Higher Education Expands n 1880-1900 more than 250 new American colleges and universities opened. n Rockefeller $40 million to University of Chicago. n 1890s average annual incomes just under a thousand dollars. n Few could afford college. n 1915 some middle income families to college. n The availability of advanced education would distinguish the U.S. from other industrialized nations.
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Women in Higher Education n Educators and philanthropists established private women’s colleges with high academic standards. n 1865 Vassar College, NY n Under pressure to admit women, some men’s colleges founded separate institutions for women.
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n 1873 Cornwell and Boston University welcomed women as students and professors. n 1879 Harvard in Massachusetts established Radcliffe. n 1886 Tulane University in Louisiana established Sophie Newcomb College. n 1889 Columbia in NY opened Barnard.
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n 1891 Brown in Rhode Island started Pembroke. n Coed universities – Oberlin, Knox, Antioch, Swarthmore, and Bates existed before the Civil War. n Most scholarships went to men, if they could afford college parents feared college made daughters too independent or “unmarriageable” = unacceptable friends.
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African Americans and Higher Education n Had to fight prejudice n Oberlin, Bates, Bowdoin accepted African Americans n 1890 – 160 African Americans attending white colleges. n African American Colleges: Fisk, Atlanta; Hampton Institute and Howard founded through American Missionary Association.
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n 1856 Wilberforce University in Ohio - nation’s oldest African American school n 1900 – 2,000 students had graduation from 34 African American schools n African American colleges accepted both women and men however it has been estimated that 30 black women were in college in 1891.
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Booker T. Washington n 1856 born into slavery n 1872 attended Hampton Institute in Virginia. n Founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881. n Taught skills and attitudes to help succeed in life – put aside desire for political equality.
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http:// www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lib.duke.edu/archives/images/people/washington_bt-lc.jpg&imgrefurl= http://www.lib.duke.edu/archives/history/washington_bt.htm&h=386&w=312&sz=30&hl=e n&start=1&tbnid=bQR0LkOgNSRsrM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbooker%2BT. %2BWashington%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en
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Booker T. Washington n Focused on economic security by gaining vocational skills. n Win white acceptance eventually by succeeding economically n Relieved fears of white’s who thought education would call for more equality within society.
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n Washington was consulted by whites on race relations. n T. Roosevelt invited him to the White House in 1901. n Autobiography, Up From Slavery 1901 classic Booker T. Washington
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W.E.B. DuBois n Graduated Fisk University n 1895 first African American to earn a Ph.D from Harvard. n Taught at Atlanta University. n 1905 help found Niagara Movement. n A group of African Americans called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of Human brotherhood.
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W.E.B. DuBois n DuBois argued the brightest African Americans had to lead their people in a quest for political and social equality and civil rights. n Urged advanced liberal arts education rather than vocational like Washington. n Rejected Washington’s message = Atlanta Compromise
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n1n1n1n1910 became publications director for NAACP. n (n (n (n (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) nBnBnBnBe proud of African and American heritage he stressed. nWnWnWnWrote, The Souls of Black Folk
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