1. 1 DC Imperfections: Input bias current: Input offset current:

2. 2 Model of op-amp with imperfections Ideal op Amp Unequal current flowing in the terminals and unequal voltages applied, as seen by an external source applied.

3. 3 Problem:

4. 4 Diode Characteristics

5. 5 Small-signal Diodes A zener diode is used to limit voltages in circuits

6. 6 Load line analysis Load line equation: Note that the equation can be solved if we know the voltage drop across the diode, which needs to be assumed, or given to you. Otherwise you will have to write the diode equation, which is non-linear, to obtain an exact solution.