1. Bellwork Thurs 3/6/14 Using the chart to the right, create a hypothesis to explain the correlation between Study Guides and Test Grades.

2. Bellwork Fri 3/7/14 1. 1. How many revolutions were there in 1848? 2. 2. Explain how these revolutions are (or aren’t) related to the French Revolution. 3. 3. How might nationalism connect to the causes of these revolutions?

3. 24.2 Europe Faces Revolutions Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe

4. Clash of Philosophies Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in Europe Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in Europe Conservative—landowners and nobles want traditional monarchies Conservative—landowners and nobles want traditional monarchies Liberal—wealthy merchants and business owners want limited democracy Liberal—wealthy merchants and business owners want limited democracy Radical—believe in liberty and equality. They want everyone to have a vote. Radical—believe in liberty and equality. They want everyone to have a vote.

5. Nationalism Develops Nationalism and Nation-States Nationalism and Nation-States Nationalism—loyalty to a nation of people with common culture and history Nationalism—loyalty to a nation of people with common culture and history Nation-State—nation with its own independent government Nation-State—nation with its own independent government In 1815 Europe, only France, England and Spain are nation-states In 1815 Europe, only France, England and Spain are nation-states Liberals and radicals support nationalism, but conservatives do not. Liberals and radicals support nationalism, but conservatives do not.

7. United States

8. Nationalism: or ? Positive ResultsNegative Results People within a nation overcoming their differences for the common good The overthrow of colonial rule Democratic governments in nations throughout the world Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances Forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nation’s majority culture Ethnic cleansing, such as in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s The rise of extreme nationalistic movements (ex. Nazism) Competition between nations leading to warfare

9. Balkans— peninsular region of southern Europe controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s. Balkans— peninsular region of southern Europe controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s. The Powder keg of Europe!

10. Nationalist Challenge Conservative Power Greeks Gain Independence Greeks Gain Independence Nationalist spirit based on Greece’s ancient history and culture Nationalist spirit based on Greece’s ancient history and culture British, French, Russians helped Greece gain its independence from Ottoman Empire British, French, Russians helped Greece gain its independence from Ottoman Empire

11. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power 1830s Uprisings Crushed 1830s Uprisings Crushed Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts. Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts. By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control

12. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian empire. Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian empire. Liberals hold power for short time, but lose to conservatives by 1849 Liberals hold power for short time, but lose to conservatives by 1849

13. Radicals Change France Conservative Defeat Conservative Defeat In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy The Third Republic The Third Republic In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the monarchy and sets up a republic In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the monarchy and sets up a republic Radicals split by infighting; moderates control the new government Radicals split by infighting; moderates control the new government 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament

14. Radicals Change France France Accepts a Strong Ruler France Accepts a Strong Ruler Louis-Napoleon— Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew—is elected president Louis-Napoleon later takes the title emperor. He promotes industrialization.

15. Reform in Russia Serfdom in Russia Serfdom in Russia Czars fail to free the serfs because they fear losing the support of landowners. Czars fail to free the serfs because they fear losing the support of landowners.

16. Reform in Russia Defeat Brings Change Defeat Brings Change Russia’s lack of industrialization leads to military defeat in the Crimean War. Russia’s lack of industrialization leads to military defeat in the Crimean War. Alexander II—czar who determines to make social and economic changes Alexander II—czar who determines to make social and economic changes Alexander II was also called “Alexander the Liberator.” In Finland he is known as “the Good Czar.” Why?

17. Photos and Portraits of Alexander II

18. Reform in Russia Reform and Reaction Reform and Reaction In 1861, Alexander II frees the serfs, but debt keeps them on the same land. Reform halts when Alexander is assassinated by terrorists in 1881. Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages industrialization. The Church of the Savior on Blood commemorates the place where Alexander II was assassinated.