1. SCHISTOSOMIASIS

2. Schistosomiasis
The ecology of schistosomiasis includes
tropical lotic (lakes and reservoirs) and
lentic environments (rivers), and
the behavior of people and their domestic animals
that live near these aquatic environments.

3. SNAIL HOST OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Schistosoma mansoni
S. mansoni-S. intercalatum hybrids,
S. rodhaini and S. eduardiense.
infects snails in the genus Biomphalaria
Schistosoma haematobium
infects snails of the genus Bulinus.
S. mekongi
Snails the genus Neotrichula
S. malayensis
the genus Robertsiella
Schistosoma japonicum
in amphibious snails of the genus Oncomelania.
SNAIL HOST OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Biomphalaria
Bulinus

4. LIFE CYCLE OF SCHISTOSOMA
female-male pairs
in the human blood-vessels of the abdomen, the female produce hundreds of eggs a day.
S. haematobium
In the bladders and kidneys .
S. mansoni lives in the blood vessels the bowels.
The eggs are released
into the blood stream and pass through the tissues.
S. haematobium pass out in urine,
S. mansoni in the faeces.

5. LIFE CYCLE OF SCHISTOSOMA

8. No single method of control of schistosomiasis,
controlling infection
Have proven effective at the community level:
1.Control of snails,
2. public health education,
3. sanitation, and
4. community-based chemotherapy employing praziquantel.

9. niclosamide MOLLUSCICIDES CuSO4 crystals
This compound worked well enough,
limited algal growth, in turn affected growth patterns of fish.
new molluscicides
nicotinanilide,
organotin,
dibromo-nitraozo-benzene,
sodium pentachlorophenate,
tritylmorpholine,
sodium dichloro-bromopheno,
niclosamide
acetamide
replaced copper sulfate, safer to the environment.

10. Niclosamide is the only remaining commercially available molluscicide.
While niclosamide is biodegradable,
its “side effects” included the death of many fish species,
as well as the targeted snail populations.
It acts by depleting glycogen stores,
the drug of choice
for some adult tapeworm infections in humans.
It also used be a drug of choice for schistosomiaisis

11. Gejala Schistosomiasis
Acute pathology
Cercarial dermatitis,
skin rash lesions and persist for days,
massive penetration by cercariae.
Katayama fever
is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction against the migrating schistosomulae.
The disease (fever, fatigue, myalgia, etc.)
starts in a few weeks or months after a primary infection.
Most patients recover spontaneously after 2-10 weeks.
This type of illness is not common who live in areas endemic
It occurs who have no previous history of exposure.

12. Chronic pathology
Urinary schistosomiasis
(S. haematobium)
Intestinal schistosomiasis
Hepatic schistosomiasis and
hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (S. mansoni, S. japonicum)
Ectopic ("displaced") schistosomiasis
Genital schistosomiasis (S. mansoni, S. haematobium)
Pulmonary schistosomiasis (S. mansoni)
Neuroschistosomiasis (S. japonicum, S. haematobium)

13. eliminate the need for snail and reservoir host control.
Praziquantel right after their water exposure
A vaccine, ultimately,
eliminate the need for snail and reservoir host control.
the vaccine based on irradiated cercariae offers almost complete protection in experimental animals.
The first generation vaccines were directed against infection and/or worm fecundity.
Currently there is a natural balance, tempering anti-schistosomal responses by stimuli down-regulating the granulomatous reaction against eggs in the tissue.