1. Introduction: Unifying Themes of Biology
Chapter 1

2. Inquiring About the Natural World
Biology is the scientific study of life
Evolution is the basic principle of biology
Scientific Inquiry is how we approach the study of life

3. Study of Life
Look at the natural world by studying what living things do.
Diversity and complexity
How things are connected

4. Evolutionary adaptation
Fig. 1-3
Order
Response
to the
environment
Evolutionary adaptation
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life: Look at how things vary yet are connected.
Regulation
Reproduction
Energy
processing
Growth and
development

5. Fig. 1-3a
Order
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life

6. Fig. 1-3b
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life
Evolutionary
adaptation

7. Response to the environment Fig. 1-3c
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life

8. Fig. 1-3d
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life
Reproduction

9. Growth and development
Fig. 1-3e
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life
Growth and development

10. Fig. 1-3f
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life
Energy processing

11. Fig. 1-3g
Figure 1.3 Some properties of life
Regulation

12. Connecting Themes: Big Ideas
More than just memorizing details
Themes or Big Ideas will help you organize the information.

13. The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 1
The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
Makes sense of everything we know about living organisms
Unifies biological concepts
Answers the how, not the why or who

14. Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope
Fig. 1-16
15 µm
5 µm
Cilia of
Paramecium
Cilia of
windpipe
cells
Figure 1.16 An example of unity underlying the diversity of life: the architecture of cilia in eukaryotes
0.1 µm
Cross section of a cilium, as viewed
with an electron microscope

15. Figure 1.15 The three domains of life
(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA
(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Figure 1.15 The three domains of life
Protists
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia

16. Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Fig. 1-14
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Figure 1.14 Classifying life
Animalia
Eukarya

17. The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 2
Biological Systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain homeostasis.
What are systems?
Systems biology – model dynamic behavior of some part of a system

18. Fig. 1-4c
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
The biosphere

19. Fig. 1-4d
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
Ecosystems

20. Fig. 1-4e
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
Communities

21. Fig. 1-4f
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
Populations

22. Fig. 1-4g
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
Organisms

23. Organs and organ systems Fig. 1-4h
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
Organs and
organ systems

24. Fig. 1-4i
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
Tissues
50 µm

25. Fig. 1-4j
10 µm
Cell
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
Cells

26. Fig. 1-4k
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
1 µm
Organelles

27. Fig. 1-4l
Atoms
Figure 1.4 Levels of biological organization
Molecules

28. (a) Wings (b) Bones Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion (c) Neurons
Fig. 1-6
(a) Wings
(b) Bones
Infoldings of
membrane
Mitochondrion
Figure 1.6 Form fits function in a gull’s wing
100 µm
0.5 µm
(c) Neurons
(d) Mitochondria

29. A – Enzyme 1 B D Enzyme 2 D D C Enzyme 3 D
Fig. 1-13a A
Negative
feedback –
Enzyme 1 B D
Enzyme 2
Excess D
blocks a step D D C
Figure 1.13 Regulation by feedback mechanisms
Enzyme 3 D
(a) Negative feedback

30. W Enzyme 4 X + Enzyme 5 Z Y Z Z Enzyme 6 Z
Fig. 1-13b W
Enzyme 4 X
Positive
feedback +
Enzyme 5
Excess Z
stimulates a step Z Y Z
Figure 1.13 Regulation by feedback mechanisms Z
Enzyme 6 Z
(b) Positive feedback

31. The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 3
Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to life processes.

32. Fig. 1-7
25 µm
Figure 1.7 A lung cell from a newt divides into two smaller cells that will grow and divide again

33. copies of inherited DNA Egg cell Offspring with traits inherited from
Fig. 1-9
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embryo’s cells with
copies of inherited DNA
Egg cell
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
Figure 1.9 Inherited DNA directs development of an organism

34. (b) Single strand of DNA
Fig. 1-10
Nucleus
DNA
Nucleotide
Cell
Figure 1.10 DNA: The genetic material
(a) DNA double helix
(b) Single strand of DNA

35. Fig. 1-11
Figure 1.11 Modern biology as an information science

36. The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 4
Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex processes.

37. (plants and other photosynthetic
Fig. 1-5
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other photosynthetic
organisms)
Cycling of
chemical
nutrients
Heat
Chemical energy
Figure 1.5 Nutrient cycling and energy flow in an ecosystem
Consumers
(such as animals)
Heat

38. Scientific Inquiry A search for information and explanation
What is the scientific method?
What are its components?

39. Observations Question
Fig. 1-24a
Observations
Question
Figure 1.24 A campground example of hypothesis-based inquiry
Hypothesis #1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:
Burnt-out bulb

40. Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis
Fig. 1-24b
Hypothesis #1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Prediction:
Replacing bulb
will fix problem
Test prediction
Test prediction
Figure 1.24 A campground example of hypothesis-based inquiry
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis