1. Industrialization and Urbanization in Canada in the late 1800s

2. Industrialization Industrialization = industry = factories 2 phases of industrialization in Canada: – Phase 1  1860-1900 – Phase 2  1901-1929 1870-1901: – The National Policy helps Canadian factories do well  protects them against U.S. competition

3. Industrialization Artisans  make things one at a time Before the mid 1800s Factories  makes lots of things very fast MASS PRODUCTION After the mid 1800s

4. Industrialization Industries / factories started using STEAM ENGINES Steam engines made machines work FAST LOTS of products can be made in one day Steam engines needed lots of coal to power them

5. Artisans  no machines Before the first stage of industrialization

7. From Artisans to Industrialization

8. Industrialization How did industrialization happen? Ingredients: 1.Cheap labour (workers)  immigrants / french Canadians were people who worked for little money 2.Capital($$$)  money to invest in companies 3.Raw materials (wood, leather, etc.) 4.Transportation  Railways / boats 5.Energy  Coal / steam engines 6.A place to sell the products

9. Industrialization Who profited from industrialization? In Québec: Montréal big city with a large population  « cheap labour » Railways that connect with the rest of Canada, A port to ship products by boat Rich people that can invest money in industries (usually English people) The province of Ontario (Toronto) also benefits a lot

10. Montreal  access to ports and railways

15. Factories  Using machines powered by steam engines

16. Stitching collars on mens’ shirts (Montreal)

17. Large factory in Montreal

18. Machines powered by steam engines

20. Investing money: Montreal Stock Exchange & Banks

23. Industrialization Recap Technology used in factories = STEAM ENGINES worked using coal Investments = Rich English men Transportation = Railway and boats Locations for factories = BIG CITIES LIKE MONTREAL What kinds of factories? Leather, clothing, textiles, furniture, metalworks, steel Sell to who? Canadians all over Canada Workers = IMMIGRANTS & FRENCH CANADIANS = “CHEAP LABOUR”

24. YearPeople working in industry Total population of Quebec Percentage of workers in industry 183115,600890,0001.8% 186125,3001,112,0002.3% 187139,0001,192,0003.3% 188153,7001,359,0004.0% 189173,6001,489,0004.9% 1901129,0001,649,0007.8%

30. Urbanization Urbanization = Urban = Cities = People moving to cities Cities getting bigger Industrialization = more jobs in cities = more workers needed No work in rural areas (farms)  people move to cities to work in factories Industrialization made people move to cities faster

31. Urbanization Living in cities  difficult life for most people in late 1800s Living conditions in cities were bad (1870s- 1901) Poor hygienic conditions City services are not great  garbage collection, sewer system, outdoor toilets.