1. English Theme 8 Music and Memory “How to write a nice summary” Mafuyu Kitahara 2007-01-15

2. Format and such ● About 1000 words (900-1100 words are tolerable) ● Print on an A4-paper, word processor output ● Deadline = February 5 th, at JIMUSHO ● Style, Structure, and Accuracy …. next

3. Style ● Put your name, number, title, and class ● Indent the first line of a paragraph ● Take care of punctuation and spelling ● Double space (line spacing = 2) ● Fonts: 12 point, Times or the like

4. Structure ● Section = large grouping – Review of auditory memory studies – Characteristics of music structure w.r.t. memory – Personal experience and finding ● Subsection = may correspond to each chapter ● Paragraph = topic and support – Topic = main point – Support = give details, use signal words

5. Accuracy ● Do not copy more than 3 words in a row ● Must use your own words ● But, be accurate: not too broad nor too specific – e.g. “The organization of memory and the limits of our ability to remember have a profound effect on how we perceive patterns of events and boundaries in time (p.5).”

6. Example: rephrased version ● Formal: – The organization of memory and its capability actually determines our perception of patterns changing in time. ● More colloquial: – Experience of music depends so much on how we can remember and how much we can remember.

7. Organization of memory ● Memory: 3 processes – Loosely related to 3 time scales – not based on anatomical structure – FUNCTIONAL ● Physiologically: neurons alter thhe strength and number of connections each other

8. Echoic memory ● Stores raw nerve impulses ● Lasts less than a second

9. – STM ● Low capacity ● Lasts up to 30 sec without rehearsal ● Focus of conscious awareness

10. Perceptual binding & categorization ● Bind features to coherent events ● Features: – frequency – amplitude ● Events: – a note (consists of overtones) ● Continuous to discrete

11. Long Term Memory ● Activate memories of similar events in the past ● Identification of names, timber, voice...

12. Short Term Memory ● Low capacity ● Lasts up to 30 sec without rehearsal ● Focus of conscious awareness