1. Tradeoffs involved in public transportation (example: buses) Number of buses serving a route must be determined a.A large number of buses serving a route decreases the average time waiting for a bus (time cost of the collection phase would decrease) b.if bus fares partially reflect cost of the bus system, the increased number of buses will cause bus fare to increase

2. Tradeoffs involved in public transportation Frequency of stops must be determined A large number of stops in close proximity will have two effects a.decreases the average distance between the passengers’ home/workplace and the bus stop (decreases collection and distribution phase costs) b.increases the time cost in the line haul phase; a bus with more frequent stops will take a longer time to get to its destination

3. Tradeoffs involved in public transportation Cost of public transportation decreases if buses fill up with passengers in just a few stops Population, demand density will determine the relationship between stop frequency and the number of passengers An area with great demand density will give rise to more efficient public transportation Dense urban areas lend themselves to public transportation; less dense rural areas do not