1. Lecture 2: ATMOSPHERE & hypoxia
AVIATION MANAGEMENT COLLEGE
SIR MOHD ‘ARIFF BIN ABDUL JALIL
Lecture 2: ATMOSPHERE & hypoxia
AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR: AHF 2203

2. Review on last chapter Definition of Physiology and Flight Physiology.
Importance of Flight Physiology.
Basic Concept of The Nervous System.
Basic Concept of The Respiratory System.
Basic Concept of The Circulatory System.

3. Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, student should be able to:
Know that pressure plays the important role during altitude changes
Classify the types of hypoxia, it causes, symptoms, and prevention steps through the explanation.

4. Earth’s Atmosphere
Air is one of the primary things that makes life on Earth possible.
Air is a synonym for atmosphere.
The Earth’s atmosphere or air is made up of a variety of gases and other particles.

5. What is the Atmosphere??
Layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity.

6. Layers (Structure) of Atmosphere

7. Troposphere Temperature will decrease constantly with altitude.
75% of weight of atmosphere.
Contains almost all weather
Altitude (height) vary with:
Latitude: lower at poles and higher at equatorial
Seasons: higher in summer than winter
Almost all clouds in this layer.
Almost commercial aircrafts fly in this layer.

8. Stratosphere
Very small increase in temperature (almost constant) except at the top where temperature is zero at 50 kms.
Little water turbulence

9. Functions of the Atmosphere
Source of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Protection for the human on the Earth from the harmful cosmic ray, solar radiation and ultraviolet (UV) ray.
Source of rain
Maintains the temperature and climate that sustain life on earth

10. Variation in Atmosphere
The earth’s atmosphere varies in
Temperature
Pressure
Density
Humidity

11. Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the combined weight of all the atmospheric gases, creating a force upon the surface of the earth – the cause of this force is gravity.
The atmospheric pressure can be measured in force / unit area (Pounds per square inch [Psi] or Millimeters of mercury [mm/Hg])
The standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm/Hg.

12. Pressure and Temperature Decrease with Altitude
Altitude (Feet)
Pressure (mm/ Hg)
Temperature (degree Celsius)
760
15.0
18,000
380
-5.3
34,000
190
-62.3
48,000 95
-67.3
63,000 47
-67.04

13. Pressure & Temperature
Air Pressure
At sea level, the air pressure is about 760 mm/Hg.
As the altitude increases, the air pressure decreases (and there is less oxygen to breathe).
Temperature
As we ascend from the surface, the temperature falls steadily with altitude.
Temperature decreases at about 2°C per 1,000 feet .

14. Physiological Zones of the Atmosphere
Atmosphere can be divided into 2 physiological zones, which are efficient and deficient.
Efficient zone: Sea level to 10,000 feet
Deficient zone: 10,000 to 50,000 feet
These zones can affect us medically and physiologically.
Physiological
relating to the way that living things functions

15. HYPOXIA

16. Definition of Hypoxia
A condition that results from an insufficient amount of oxygen (O2) in the body. Hypoxia can occur at any altitude and it is accumulative among the types of hypoxia.
Syndromes of lack of oxygen in blood
Effect mainly the brain and other nervous system

17. WHAT WILL HAPPEN DUE TO LACK OF OXYGEN IN BLOOD?
CRITICAL THINKING
WHAT WILL HAPPEN DUE TO LACK OF OXYGEN IN BLOOD?
WHY BRAIN IS AFFECTED THE MOST?
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS IF BRAIN IS AFFECTED?

18. How it can be happened?? (Physiological Process)
Hemoglobin is primary transport to carry oxygen through blood.
The ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen is called as: Blood Oxygen Saturation (normally 95%- 98% at sea level). It is measurable as we ascend.

19. Experiment on Removing Oxygen
Time of Oxygen
1 Minute
2 Minutes
3 Minutes
4 Minutes
5 Minutes
6 Minutes
Put Back on Oxygen