1. Structuralist Theories Functionalism Marxism Subculturalism

2. Functionalism Crime is Normal Crime is Inevitable Crime is Functional

3. Crime is normal Crime and deviance beyond a certain level is dysfunctional but a certain amount of crime is normal. Too little crime or deviance also constitutes a threat to social order because it is unhealthy. It indicates that the norms and values are so strong and constricting that they prevent the innovation and change necessary for a healthy society.

4. Crime is inevitable Some people are badly socialised.

5. Crime is functional Functional because of the response it draws from societies. Social rules made clear when it has been identified they have been broken. Reinforces social solidarity and integrates society.

6. Criticism It suggests that crime and deviance have functions but it does not explain why they occur.

7. Structuralist - Merton Deviance results from the structure of society. People share similar goals – value consensus. However differing opportunities to achieve them and this can generate deviance.

8. American Dream Success is measured in terms of money and material possessions. Achieve success through educational qualifications. Winning is important. Some abandon the rules. Leads to ANOMIE. Norms no longer direct behaviour.

9. Criticism Fails to explain crimes of other social classes. Fails to explain crimes for non-monetary gain. Fails to explain why some in the working- class turn to crime and some do not.

10. References: Haralambos and Holborn, Sociology Themes and Perspectives, Collins, 2004 Moore, Aiken and Chapman, Dave Aiken, Sociology for A2, Collins, 2006