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Published byCharlene Marshall Modified over 9 years ago
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Musculoskeletal System
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Why is locomotion essential to most organisms? Motile vs. Sessile –Get food –Move away from harmful things and predators –Seek shelter –Seek out mates
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Skeletons Humans and other vertebrates have endoskeletons –Made of bone and cartilage –Can grow along with animal
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Insects and animals like crabs and lobsters have exoskeletons –Made of chitin –Jointed and flexible –Muscles attached from inside –Must be shed periodically for organism to grow larger
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Bone Hard inflexible tissue Made of living bone cells called osteocytes Haversian Canals –inner cavities containing blood vessels and nerves
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Broken Bones –If bone is broken, osteocytes become active and produce new bone
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Bone Function: –Site of attachment of skeletal muscles –Levers that make body parts move when muscles contract –Protect delicate structures like brain and spinal cord –Storage site for important minerals like calcium –Place where red blood cells and some white blood cells produced
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Types of Bones: –Compact bone –Spongy bone Marrow: –Tissue found in long bones –make RBC, platelets, some types of WBC
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Joints Point where bones meet
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Immovable –Bones tightly fitted together Ex: skull Movable –Hinge Joint Ex: elbow and knee –Pivot Joint Ex: base of skull –Ball and Socket Joint Ex: Hip, shoulder –Saddle Joint Allow Ex: wrists Types of Joints
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Cartilage Found between joints Found in nose and earlobe
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Cartilage Provides support and flexibility Allows bones to bend more easily Cushions bones against impact or pressure
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Makes up most of an embryo’s skeleton
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Ligaments Tough elastic fibers Hold bone to bone at the joints
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBJ4o Uff10&safe=activehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsBJ4o Uff10&safe=active
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Types of Muscles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyfytTqbgUE&safe=active
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Types of Muscles Skeletal Muscle (striated) –Voluntary movement, locomotion –Bundles of muscle fibers –Appear striped or “straited” under microscope
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Human locomotion is made possible by voluntary contractions of striated muscle. Muscles operate in pairs: –Flexors: bend limb –Extensors: extend limb
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Muscle Contraction –Muscle fibers contain contractile proteins –Require ATP (many mitochondria in muscle)
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Types of Muscles Smooth Muscle (nonstriated) –Involuntary –Controlled by autonomic nervous system –Found in: walls of digestive organs blood vessels, bladder
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Types of Muscles Cardiac Muscle –Found in heart –Involuntary –Cells contract together as a unit
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Tendons Inelastic connective tissue Attaches muscle to bone
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Disorders of Muscular/Skeletal System Tendonitis –Inflammation of connective tissue called tendons that connect muscles to joints
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Arthritis –Inflammation of the joints –Deterioration of cartilage
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Osteoporosis: –loss of bone due to calcium deficiencies
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Locomotion in Animals Protists –Pseudopods (amoeba) –Cilia (paramecium) and flagella (euglena) Hydra –Tends to be sessile but can glide along base, do somersault or use tentacles to pull itself
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Earthworm –Uses muscles to burrow into soil –Has tiny bristles on each segment (setae) that hook onto earth to help it move http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFpblBf1dfE&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Texxu3p7I8&safe=active
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Grasshopper –Exoskeleton made of chitin divided into plates that have flexible joints –Muscles attached from the inside –Can walk jump, fly (3 pairs of legs and wings)
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