1. Body tissues are divided into 4 categories: 1. Connective 2. Nerve 3. Muscle 4. Epithelial

2. -Functions: Connect, support, transportation (blood), defense, and storage (fat) -cells are surrounded by some type of non-living matrix -classified by their structure and the type of matrix -there are four major classes of connective tissue with subcategories

3.  I. Fibrous, II. Bone, III. Cartilage, IV. Blood

4. a) Loose- the stretchable fascia between organs- like an elastic glue spread between organs

5. b) Adipose- fat storage under the skin -important for protection and insulation

6. c) reticular- web like fibers of the lymphatic (immune) system - helps filter blood - contains white blood cells to destroy dangerous invaders

7. d) dense- tendons and ligaments –flexible but strong -tendon- connects muscle to bone -ligament- connects bone to bone

8.  bone cells are called osteocytes -osteoblast- bone building cell -osteoclast-­­ bone destroying cell  the 2 cells above work together and can reshape bone

9. Cross-section of long bone Haversian system Osteocytes

10.  chondrocytes are cartilage producing cells  cartilage is avascular (no blood vessels)  there are 3 subcategories of cartilage

11. a) hyaline cartilage- shiny and smooth, at the ends of bones (linings of joints) chondrocytes

12. b) Fibrocartilage- strongest and most durable, “shock absorbers” (intervertebral discs, meniscus of the knee joint)

13. c) Elastic cartilage- most flexible cartilage (ears, nose, larynx)

14.  Considered a connective tissue because it is made in the bones  Hematopoiesis- the process of blood production in the red marrow of the bones  has a liquid matrix called plasma  There are 3 main types of blood cells: 1)Erythrocytes- red blood cells: carry O 2 (some CO 2 ) 2)Leukocytes- white cells: kill invaders 3)Thrombocytes- responsible for blood clotting by producing platelets

16. All are responsible for movement -May be voluntary or involuntary -May be striated or non-striated

17.  Voluntary= may be “willed” to move  Involuntary= not controlled by thought or will  Striated= visible “stripes” on tissue  Non-striated= no visible “stripes

18.  Striated and voluntary  Cells are very long and thin with multiple nuclei

19.  Non-striated and involuntary  Cells are shorter and each with one nucleus

20.  Striated and involuntary  Cells connect at dark “disks” and only one nucleus per cell.

21. -Rapidly regulate and integrate body activities -2 basic kinds of cells 1. neurons=conducting cells 2. glial cells= support cells

22.  Soma: main body of cell (nucleus is here)  Dendrites: short thin branches that carry signal towards the soma  Axon: long thin “wire” carrying signal away from the soma  Synapse: where neurons connect to transmit signal

23.  Schwann Cells- wrap around the axon to insulate the “wiring” to speed nerve signal transmision - Responsible for the fatty white matter of the nervous system

24. -Cells are tightly packed into sheets with no “matrix” between cells -sheets of cells attached to a “basement membrane” -2 main types: membranous glandular

25.  Classification is based on shapes and layers:

26. Description of Cell Shapes: Squamous -(flat and scaly) Cuboidal-(cubic) Columnar -(tall narrow column) Pseudostratified columnar -(odd columns, not all reach the surface)

27. Description of Layers: Simple (one layer) Stratified(several layer of same cell type)

28. Simple Squamous - VERY thin. Where quick diffusion is necessary lining of blood vessels, tiny air sacs in lungs, parts of kidney, etc. Cross-section“flat”

29. Stratified Squamous - areas that receive friction skin, mouth, esophagus Cross-section

30. Cuboidal - lines many ducts and tubules Cross-section

31. Columnar epithelium - may be ciliated with tiny “hairs” (cilia) Non ciliated - lines gastrointestinal tract Ciliated - lines respiratory tract

32.  Synthesizes and secretes a chemical product o Endocrine gland- secrete directly to bloodstream o Exocrine gland- secrete into collecting ducts o Unicellular gland- single cells called goblet cells that produce mucous