1. 16-1 Environmental Geology James Reichard Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 16-2 Chapter 16 Global Climate Change

3. 16-3 Earth’s Climate System Solar energy Solar energy The Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect Heat balance Heat balance The Greenhouse and glacial cycles The Greenhouse and glacial cycles Variations in the Earth’s orbit Variations in the Earth’s orbit Milankovitch cycles Milankovitch cycles

4. 16-4 Feedback Mechanisms Reflection of solar radiation Reflection of solar radiation Albedo Albedo Absorption of solar radiation Absorption of solar radiation Greenhouse gases and carbon cycle Greenhouse gases and carbon cycle Carbon sequestration Carbon sequestration Water vapor Water vapor Oceans Oceans

5. 16-5 Carbon Cycle

6. 16-6 Oceans

7. 16-7 El Niño

8. 16-8 Earth’s Past & Future Climate Climate models Climate models General circulation model General circulation model

9. 16-9 Earth’s Past Climate Paleoclimatology Paleoclimatology Sediment Sediment Annual tree rings Annual tree rings Glacial ice Glacial ice

10. 16-10 Lessons from the Past

11. 16-11 Consequences of Global Warming Changing weather patterns and biomes Changing weather patterns and biomes Extreme weather Extreme weather Shifting precipitation patterns Shifting precipitation patterns Melting glacial ice and permafrost Melting glacial ice and permafrost Rising sea levels Rising sea levels Melting sea ice and release of stored methane Melting sea ice and release of stored methane Acidification of oceans Acidification of oceans

12. 16-12 Mitigation Conservation Conservation Increase efficiency Increase efficiency Incentives Incentives Decarbonization of energy use Decarbonization of energy use