1. Unit 2
Logic Families

2. Important Specifications of Logic families
Speed of Operation
Power dissipation
Figure of Merit
Fan out
Current & Voltage Parameters
Noise Immunity
Operating temperatures
Power Supply Requirements
Flexibilities Available

3. Speed of Operation Is specified in terms of propagation delay time
The delay time is measured between 50 % voltage levels at input & output as shown
The propagation delay is average of t PHL & t PLH
i/o voltage waveform
o/p voltage waveform
tPHL
tPLH
time

4. TRANSISTOR NOT GATE CIRCUIT
+ Vcc
Rc=2k
Rb= 5k + Vo - + Vi - + Vc -
Vbe

5. 2. Power dissipation
Power Dissipation is the amount of power dissipated in the circuit and
is given by Pd = Vcc X Icc where Icc - average of Icc(0) & Icc (1)
Vcc - Supply voltage
Power dissipation is specified in milli volts . Low value is desirable
3. Figure of Merit
It is defined as the product of Speed & Power dissipation
Figure of merit (pJ) = Propagation delay ( ns) X Power dissipation (mw)
It's also called as Speed Power Product . Low value is desirable
4. Fan out
It is defined as Number of similar gates that can be driven by a gate
High value is desirable as it reduces need for additional driver circuit

6. 5. Current & Voltage Parameters
Four Voltage Parameters
VIH - High Level input Voltage - It's the minimum input voltage that is recognized by gate as a Logic 1
VIL - Low Level input Voltage - It's the maximum input voltage that is recognized by gate as a Logic 0
VOH - High Level output Voltage - It's the minimum output voltage that is available at the output of a gate as a Logic 1
VOL - Low Level output Voltage - It's the maximum output voltage that is available at the output of a gate as a Logic 0
VOH
VIH
VIL
VOL
∆ 1 = VOH - VIH
∆ 0 = VIL - VOL

7. 5. Current & Voltage Parameters
Six Current Parameters
IIH - High Level input Current - minimum current that must be supplied by a driving source corresponding to Logic 1 voltage
IIL - Low Level input Current - minimum current that must be supplied by a driving source corresponding to Logic 0 voltage
IOH - High Level output Current - maximum current a gate can sink in Logic Level 1
IOL - Low Level out put Current - maximum current a gate can sink in Logic Level 1
Icc(1) - High Level supply Current - Supply current of a gate when it output = Logic 1
Icc(0) - Low Level supply Current- Supply current of a gate when it output = Logic 0
IIH
IOH
IIL
IOL

8. 6. Noise Immunity
The Output & Input voltages of a gate are defined in earlier slide
1 state DC Noise Margin =
0 State DC Noise Margin =
The Circuit's ability to tolerate Noise is referred to as Noise Immunity
AC Noise Margin -
VOH
VIH
VIL
VOL
∆ 1 = VOH - VIH
∆ 1 = VOH - VIH
∆ 0 = VIL - VOL
∆ 0 = VIL - VOL
0 Volt
Generally Noise is thought of as ac signal with amplitude & pulse width
A Logic circuit can effectively tolerate a Large Noise amplitude if it is of very short Duration. (as compared to Gate's propagation delay)
This is referred to as AC Noise Margin & is substantially greater than DC Noise Margin
7. Operating temperatures
Accepted Temp Range : 00 C to +700 C for Consumer Eg. - ICs - 74XX Series
: -550 C to C for Military purposes - 54XX series

9. 8. Power Supply Requirements
Low power requirement - preferred for Battery Operated Equipments
9. Flexibilities Available
Flexibility available with a Logic family must be considered while selecting it for an application. The flexibility is measured in terms of
Breadth of the series: Type of different Logic functions
Popularity of the series: It reduces cost per unit of IC
Wired Logic capability : O/P s can be connected together without extra hardware
Availability of Complement Outputs : Eliminates need for additional NOT gate
Types of Outputs : Passive Pull up , Active Pull up , Open Collector/drain and Tri state etc.

10. Logic Family
A group of Compatible ICs with the same Logic Levels , using same supply voltages for performing various logic functions, and have been fabricated using specific circuit configuration is referred to as a Logic Family
Logic Families are classified as
Bipolar - fabricated using bipolar devices such as a B.J.Transistors
These can be further classified as
Saturated - Ex. TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) , RTL , DTL,
Nonsaturated - Ex. Schottky TTL , ECL (Emitter coupled Logic)
Uni polar - fabricated using unipolar devices such as MOSFETs
Can be further divided as
PMOS
NMOS
CMOS

11. TTL NAND Gate (Basic Gate)
+ Vcc
IB1
RB1
4 K
Rc2
1.4 K
Rc3 4k B1
Load
Gates B2 Y T2 T1
IB3
IC3 A B C T3
Inputs Co B3
RE2
1 K

12. Operation of TTL Gate Case I – At least 1 input is Low
B-E junction of T1 is Forward Biased (Vbe=0.7V), therefore Vb1 ~ 0.2 V V = 0.9 V
For T2 & T3 to be conducting
Vb1 must be at least = 0.6V (B-C junction of T1) + Vbe2 + Vbe3 = 1.6V
Since Vb1(0.9V) < 1.6V , the transistors T2 & T3 are Cut Off.
Hence O/P Y = V(1) =Vcc
Case II – All inputs are High
B-E junction of T1 is Reverse Biased , hence Vb1
Assuming T2 & T3 both to be saturated ,then Vc1 = VBE2sat + VBE3sat = 0.8V+0.8V= 1.6 V
As B1 is connected to Vcc through Rb1 & Vc1=1.6 V , C-B junction of T1 is Forward biased & Ic1 flows in reverse direction driving T2 & T3 in saturation as assumed .
Therefore O/P Y = V(0) = 0.2V

13. Operation of TTL Gate (contd...)
Case III – All inputs are High & one input Goes Low
T1 starts conducting & Vb1 drops to 0.9 V. At this point T2 & T3 are still in saturation. T2
& T3 will be turned OFF , only when the stored charges in the T2 & T3 are removed.
Since Vc1= Vb2 = 1.6V , therefore collector base junction of T1 is reverse
biased, and T1 operates in Active region causing large Collector current to flow
in the direction to help fast removal of stored base charge in T2 & T3 .
Important Parameters of TTL 7400
VOH = 2.4V VOL= 0.4V VIH = 2.0V VIL= 0.8V
IOH = -400 µA IOL = 16 mA I IH = 40 µA IIL = -1.6 mA
Propagation delay ns Fan-out = min ( IOH / I IH , IOL / IIL )

14. There are Seven different series of TTL
Series Prefix Examples
Standard TTL ,74193
High Power TTL 74H- 74H02,74H193
Low Power TTL 74L- 74L02,74L193
Schottky TTL 74S- 74S02,74S193
Low Power Schottky TTL 74LS- 74LS02,74LS193
Advanced Schottky TTL 74AS- 74AS02,74AS193
Advanced Low Power
Schottky TTL 74ALS- 74ALS02,74ALS193
Difference in series series
Operating temp. Range 0 0C to 70 0C C to C
Supply Voltage Range 5 ± 0.25 V 5 ± 0.5 V

15. Specifications of TTL IC families
Parameter 74
74H
74L
74S
74LS
74AS
74ALS
VIH (Volts)
2.0
VIL (Volts)
0.8
0.7
VOH (Volts)
2.4
2.7
3.0
VOL (Volts)
0.4
0.3
0.5
IIH (µA) 40 50 10 20
IIL (µA)
-1.6
-2.0
-0.18
-0.36
-0.5
-0.1
IOH (mA)
-400
-500
-200
-1000
-2000
IOL (mA) 16
3.6 8
TTL Fan out Capabilities
Source
Load 74
74H
74L
74S
74LS
74AS
74ALS 10 8 40 20 12 50 25 2 1 7
100 5 4 16 26
110 55

16. Important points to remember :
The input & Output Voltage Specifications are compatible for each of the TTL series Hence it is possible to use any mix of ICS of these series
Input output Current Specifications are compatible for each of the TTL series
The Low power dissipation Series L,LS,ALS have minimum power requirements & are suitable for battery operated devices.
ALS series also has the minimum propagation delay
H series has low propagation delay but requires maximum power
S & AS series have very low propagation delay. AS series is low power , fast series

17. Active Pull up or Totem pole Output
Rc4 (100Ω)
Inputs Y
+ Vcc A B C T1 T2 T3
Rc2
1.4 KΩ
RB1
4 KΩ
RE2
1 KΩ Co B2 B3 B1
IB3
IC4
IB1
Load
Gates B4 T4 C2

18. Operation of Totem-pole Output or Active Pull-up TTL Gate
When O/P Y is in LOW state , transistor T4 & the diode D are Cut-off.
As T2 & T3 are in saturation Vc2 = Vb4 = VBE3 sat + VCE2sat = 0.8V + 0.2V = 1.0V
Since Vout = 0.2V , the voltage drop across T4 & diode D = 1.0 V – 0.2V = 0.8V
This drop is insufficient to start conduction in T4 & Diode D, hence both are Cut-off
When O/P makes transition from LOW to HIGH , transistor T4 enters into Saturation,
& supplies current for charging of Output capacitor Co with a small Time Constant.
This current IC4 is = (VCC - VCE4 sat – VD – Vo) / RC4 =( 5 – 0.2 – 0.7 – 0.2)/0.1 = 39 mA
T4 is in saturation if hFE > 16.5
The Output Voltage Vo exponentially with Time constant = ( RC4 + RCS4 + Rf ) . Co
As Vo the base current & collector current of T4 bringing T4 eventually out of conduction
V(1) = Vcc – Vγ(T4) - Vγ (diode) = 5 – = 3.9 V
Now if all input go HIGH , T2 is turned ON , T4 & diode D goes OFF & T3 conducts
The Capacitor Co discharge through T3 & as Vo approaches V(0) , T3 enters into saturation

19. Note that Ic4 = 39 mA when the output changes from V(0) to V(1) and the base current IB4 = 2.4 mA
Thus maximum current of = 41.4 mA . Is drawn from Power Supply when output changes from V(0) to V(1) This current spike generates Noise in the Power supply & increases Power dissipation
Wired AND
Must not be used with Totem-pole output circuit due to large current spike during transition from V(0) to V(1) (41 mA)
TTL gate with Open Collector output can be used for Wired –AND connections
Open Collector Output
The basic standard TTL NAND gate with RC3 of T3 missing is the TTL with Open Collector Output

20. Unconnected inputs
If any of the inputs are left un connected , they are treated as Logical 1
Clamping Diodes
Used to Suppress ringing caused from fast voltage transitions found in TTL B1 T1 C2 A B C
Clamping diodes

21. Schottky TTL Gate Schottky Transistor Symbol
The Speed of TTL is limited mainly by the turn –off time delay involved when transistor makes transition from saturation to Cut-off. This can be eliminated bym replacing all the transistors of TTL gate by Schottky transistors
The transistors are prevented from entering saturation , hence saving of turn-off time.
Propagation delay = 2 ns. as compared 10 ns of standard TTL
Schottky Transistor
storage delay time can be reduced by preventing transistor from going into saturation B C E
Symbol B C E D
A Schottky diode D is connected between base & collector of a transistor as shown.
When transistor is in active region D is reverse biased.
Diode conducts when B-C junction voltage falls to 0.4 V & thus does not allow Collector voltage of transistor to fall lower than 0.4 V below base voltage . The collector junction is not sufficiently forward biased to enter into saturation

22. CMOS Logic Family CMOS Inverter
A complementary MOSFET (CMOS) is obtained by connecting a p-channel & an n-channel MOSFET in series. Drains are tied together & the Output is taken at the Common Drain. Input is applied at the common Gate formed by connecting 2 Gates together as shown When Vi= Vcc T1 turns ON (VGS1 > VT) and
CMOS Inverter
T2 (p-channel)
T1 (n-channel)
+Vcc S1 D D1 Vi D2 S2 G G2 G1 ID
T2 is OFF Since VGS2 =0. Hence VO= ID is negligible
When Vi= 0, T1 turns OFF (VGS1 < VT) and T2 is ON Since |VGS2| > |VT|. The Output voltage Vo= Vcc & ID is again small. In either Logic state the power dissipation is low as
PD = VCC X OFF state leakage drain Current Vo

23. A 2- input CMOS NAND Gate +Vcc A Y=A.B B Inputs State of MOS devices
O/P A B T1 T2 T3 T4 Y
OFF ON
Vcc Vo A B
Y=A.B T3 T4 T2 T1
+Vcc

24. A 2-input CMOS NOR Gate +Vcc Y=A+B Logic Symbol A B Inputs
State of MOS devices
O/P A B T1 T2 T3 T4 Y
OFF ON
Vcc
Y=A+B
Logic Symbol A Y B

25. CMOS Transmission Gate
Is used to control the transmission of Signal from pt. A to pt. B. The circuit is as shown C C T2 TG A B A B T1 C C
A CMOS transmission Gate is controlled by gate voltages C & C .
Assume C=1
If A= V(1) , then T1 is OFF & T2 conducts in the ohmic region as there is no voltage applied at the drain. Therefore T2 acts as a small resistance connecting the output to input & B=A=V(1). Similarly if A=V(0) then T2 is OFF & T1 conducts connecting output to input & A=B=V(0)
It can also be shown that if C=0 , the transmission is not possible
Gate control input C is binary while A & B can be either digital or analog voltage between V(0) & V(1)
Noise Margin
Considerably higher than that of TTL ICs. CMOS devices have wide Supply voltage range & Noise Margin increases with the Supply voltage VCC. Typically = 0.45 VCC

26. Wired – Logic 74C00 / 54C00 CMOS series
Wired Logic must not be used with CMOS Logic circuits
CMOS gates with Open drain output can be used for Wired AND operation. In this the drain of the output transistor (n-channel) is available outside , p-channel load does not exist . The resistance is connected externally.
74C00 / 54C00 CMOS series
74C00 / 54C00 CMOS series are the 2 commonly used CMOS series ICs.
Parameter
Load
74C
74HC
74HCT
74AC
74ACT
VIH (Volts)
3.5
3.85
2.0
VIL (Volts)
1.5
1.35
0.8
VOH (Volts)
CMOS
4.5
4.4
TTL
3.84
3.76
VOL (Volts)
0.5
0.1
0.33
0.37
IIH (µA) 1
IIL (µA) -1
IOH (mA)
-0.1
-0.02
-0.05
-4.0
-24..0
-24.0
IOL (mA)
0.36
0.02
0.05
4.0
24.0

27. Important points to remember :
54C/74C Series is pin to pin , function for function equivalent of 54/74 TTL family & hence is popular.
Operating Temp. Range:
74C Series : C to C
54C Series : C to C
Operating Voltage Range : 3 V to 15 V
74 HC : High Speed CMOS Series
74HCT : High Speed, TTL compatible CMOS Series
74AC/ 74ACT : advanced / advanced , TTL compatible CMOS Series : Are Very fast and have high current sinking capabilities
74HCT / 74ACT : Can be easily used along with TTL ICs for Optimum System design from point of view of Speed, power dissipation, noise margin, cost etc
While driving same series :
74 HC / 74HCT Fan out : 20
74 AC / 74ACT Fan out : 50
While driving TTL series :
As Fan out = min ( IOH (CMOS) / I IH (TTL) , IOL(CMOS) / IIL(TTL) )
TTL Table of Specifications must be referred for IIH(TTL) & IIL(TTL) .

28. Unconnected Inputs Interfacing CMOS & TTL
CMOS devices have very high input resistance & even a small static charge flowing can develop a dangerously high voltage. This may damage insulation layer of the device & person handling it. Therefore CMOS IC pins should not be left un connected Even for storage Aluminium foil should be used so that all IC pins will be shorted together avoiding a voltage development between pins.
Interfacing CMOS & TTL
For Optimum performance devices of more than one Logic family can be used, taking advantage of superior characteristics of each family. Such as CMOS – Low power dissipation & TTL for high speed
When CMOS needs to drive TTL in such a mix of Logic families, for such arrangement to operate properly the following conditions must be satisfied.
VOH (CMOS) ≥VIH (TTL) (1)
VOL (COMS) ≤ VIL (TTL) (2)
-IOH (CMOS) ≥ N IIH (TTL) (3)
IOL(CMOS) ≥ - N IIL (TTL) (4)

29. TTL TTL CMOS TTL The interface diagram is shown
From the table we observe
condition 1 & 2 are always satisfied . The Noise Margins when 74ACT is driving 74ALS gates are :
Δ 1 = 3.76 – 2.0 = V
Δ0 = 0.8 – 0.37 = 0.43 V
The condition 3 & 4 are always satisfied for 74HC/HCT/74AC/84ACT series . The value of N is different for them. For 74ACT driving 74ALS gates is 240
For 74C driving 74L N=2, 74C driving 74ALS N=3 , but 74C driving other members than 74LS & 74ALS condition 4 is not satisfied . This difficulty is overcome by using CMOS buffers having adequate available output current.

30. TTL driving CMOS CMOS CMOS TTL CMOS
When TTL needs to drive CMOS, for such arrangement to operate properly the following conditions must be satisfied.
VOH (TTL) ≥VIH (CMOS) (1)
VOL (TTL) ≤ VIL (CMOS) (2)
-IOH (TTL) ≥ N IIH (CMOS) (3)
IOL(TTL) ≥ - N IIL (CMOS) (4)
CMOS
CMOS
TTL
CMOS

31. TTL driving CMOS (contd…)
All above conditions are satisfied for 74HCT & 74ACT series for high value of N. Thus these two series are TTL compatible. But in case of 74C/74HC/74AC series the first equation is not satisfied. Therefore a circuit modification is used to raise VOH (TTL) above 3.5 V by connecting a resistance ( ≈ 2kΩ) between points P & VCC as shown in figure. This resistance acts as a passive pull up, pulling voltage at P by charging a capacitor CO present between P & Ground terminal to higher value (≈ VCC) after T4 of TTL becomes non-conducting
VCC
2 KΩ P CO
TTL
CMOS

32. Comparison of Logic Families
Logic Family
Parameter
TTL 74
74H
74L
74LS
74S
74AS
74ALS
Basic Gate
NAND
Fan out 10 20 40
Power disspn. (mW) 22 1 2 19
Noise Immunity
Very Good
Propagation delay (ns) 6 33
9.5 3
1.5 4
Clock Rate for FFs (MHz) 35 50 45
125
175
Logic Family
Parameter
CMOS
74C
74HC
74HCT
74AC
74ACT
Basic Gate
NOR OR NAND
Fan out 50 20
Power disspn. (mW)
1.01
0.6025
0.755
Noise Immunity
Very Good
Propagation delay (ns) 70 18
5.25
4.75
Clock Rate for FFs (MHz) 10 60
100

33. TRI-STATE LOGIC
In complex digital systems such as Microprocessors, a number of Gates outputs are required to be connected to a common line referred to as a Bus, which in turn is required to drive a number of gates inputs.
When number of gate outputs are to be connected to the Bus, some difficulties arise as
Totem pole outputs can’t be connected together because of very large current drain from supply and consequent heating of IC
Open-Collector outputs though can be connected together with common collector resistance externally, but it causes loading & affects speed of Operation.
Special circuits are developed to overcome this problem.
In these circuits there is one more state of output , referred to as the third state or High impedance state, in addition to HIGH & LOW states.
These circuits are called TRI-STATE Logic
The TSL Inverter (NOT Gate) circuit, truth table & Symbol are shown next

34. TSL NOT Gate (Inverter)
+ Vcc
Data Output
Control Y T1 T2 T3 T4
Data Input T5
When control input is 0 (LOW), the drive is removed from T3 & T4. Hence both T3 & T4 are cut-off & the Output is in third state (High Impedance)
When the control input in 1 (HIGH) , the Output is Logic 1 if the data input is 0 & it is Logic 0 if the data input is 1.(NOT Gate)

35. Logic Symbol : Truth Table:
TSL NOT Gate (Inverter) contd….
Logic Symbol : Truth Table:
Data Input A
Control
(Enable)
Data Output
Y = A
HIGH-Z 1
Data Output
Control
Data input

36. Buffer
Buffer is a circuit or Gate that can drive a substantially higher number of gates or other loads. It is also known as a Buffer driver
Tri-state buffer:
Symbol : Truth Table:
Data Input A
Control
(Enable)
Data Output
Y = A
HIGH-Z 1
Data input
Data Output
Control input
Enable

37. CMOS Buffer Circuit diagram
Logic Symbol
CMOS Buffer Circuit diagram
Data input
Data Output
+Vcc
Enable
Enable G2 D Q2 D
OUT G1 A C Q1 B En A B C D Q1 Q2
OUT L H
off
HI-Z on

38. Thank you