1. Kagan, Ch. 23 Industrialization of Russia and the Rise of Bolshevism

2. Alexander III, 1881-1894 “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism” Abandons most reforms of Alexander II BUT allows emancipation Resists liberals/revolutionaries “Russification”- Forced Russian language and culture on minorities Increased anti-Semitism 1887: 5 young men hung for murder of Alex II Alexander Ulyanov, 20 years old --- 17-year-old brother, Vladimir Ulyanov ---- the man we know as “Lenin”

3. Count Sergei Witte Russia must industrialize BUT how? Planned economic development Protective tariffs High taxes Set Russian currency to the gold standard Create more efficient government and business Take out loans from the French Focus on HEAVY INDUSTRY Railway, coal, pig-iron, steel BUT also textiles

4. Road to Industrialization? By 1900 ~3 million factory workers (total pop. = 128 million) Virtually no agricultural improvements made so life on mir unbearable Although new social class does emerge: Kulaks 1901 Social Revolutionary Party formed Anti-industrialization; look to mir as model for future 1903 Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) Membership stems from zemstvos; constitutional monarchy, civil liberties, economic prosperity

5. Russian Peasants

7. Meeting in the mir

8. Home of Russian Gentry

9. Kulak – wealthier peasants David & Anna Bronstein Leon Trotsky’s mother and father – successful kulaks

10. Growth of Marxism Thought Gregory Plekhanov (Populist convert to Marxism) in 1883 in exile (Switzerland), founded the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1898 Russia must move through capitalism must develop a large industrial proletariat & class struggle did not condone the mir did not like the peasantry and detested the Social Revolutionaries did not approve of terrorism/assassination Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924) and his wife Krupskaya were key members, as were Leon Trotsky (1879-1940), Joseph V. Stalin (1879-1953)

11. Lenin & Krupskaya

12. Trotsky & Stalin

13. Lenin What is to be Done? Rejected Continental revisionism & trade unions Advocated for REVOLUTION Revolution would not come on its own – people must be trained to rise up: revolution = profession Revolutionary Elite Small, professional, nondemocratic group would lead

14. Bolsheviks and Mensheviks Bolsheviks and Mensheviks (1903 split) Bolshevik – majority “hard” Marxists lead by Lenin elite group of reliable and zealous intellectuals; strong centralized party – Central Committee strengthen membership through purges must force their views on the country new idea – imperialism = monopoly capitalism = imperialist wars & colonial struggles for independence = new opportunities for proletariat revolution new idea - Proletariat and peasantry UNITE! Menshevik – minority cooperation w/ liberals, progressives and democrats disliked conflict w/in party resembled Western European Marxists

15. The Last Romanov Tzar Nicholas II, 1894-1917 Lack of wit, intelligence, firm will Alexandra -- foreigner Tsarist opposition in country increasing Russian Social Democrats Russian Social Revolutionaries Reforms continue Rapid industrialization  More coal, steel, and petroleum industries built Protective tariffs raised But unions / strikes illegal

16. Tsar Nicholas II & Family

17. Russo-Japanese War Manchuria / Korea???? Japan wants mainland link Nicholas needs “diversion” 1904-1905 Japanese attack Massive defeats on land and sea shock the world Japan defeats Russian navy Japanese take Port Arthur back (1 st time non-whites win! – Japan had modernized within 37 years) Treaty at Portsmouth, NH

18. Revolution of 1905 Russian humiliated by defeat at hands of Japanese Political upheaval on home front unleashed “Bloody Sunday” 1/22/1905 – March on Winter Palace Troops fire on crowd of protesting workers Revolutionary “fire” spreads Riots - revolts break out – students, workers, sailors, peasants By Oct. “soviets” formed – control St. Petersburg

19. Bloody Sunday, 1905

20. October Manifesto, 1905 Nicholas promises constitutional monarchy Grants civil liberties Creates popularly elected bicameral parliament – Duma BUT Nicholas still Appoints the ministry Controls the financial policy Oversees military and foreign policy

21. Failure of Revolution Peter Stolypin: chief advisor 1906-1911 Encourages dissolution of Duma after first election – new representatives too radical Dissolved again and limitations put on franchise 3 rd times the charm – Nicholas has a Duma he can count on 1906 - Institutes agrarian reform, leads to private ownership of land assassinated 1911

22. Rasputin