1. PURITANISM AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What were the essential features of Puritanism?
What factors contributed to the outbreak of the English civil war?
What were the goals of the English Enlightenment?

3. Prior to the Enlightenment (Review)
King James I rules
King James dies and is replaced by his son Charles I – who believes in the Divine Right of Kings
Fights with parliament and dissolves is in 1626,
1628, and 1640
Charles I does not allow the Catholics or Puritans to practice their religion
Parliament passes the Act of Toleration (religious)
1642-English Civil War begins

4. English Civil War
Fought between the Royalists and the Puritan Roundheads
Catholics tend to resettle in France and Italy; Puritans in Holland, and then Massachusetts colony
Charles the I beheaded in and monarchy abolished
Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell
Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England-strict Puritan

5. Oliver Cromwell Closed theatres Banned dancing
Banned celebration of Christmas
Puritanism was a radical form of Calvinism- wanted to eradicated the doctrines and rites that were retained by Catholicism
Punishment for public swearing was a fine that varied according to social rank from shillings.
Coffee houses became very popular
British slave trade grew a great deal

6. John Milton
A Puritan who valued civil liberties and defended their beliefs
He argued in Aeropagiticia that “he who destroys a good book, ills reason itself, kills the image of God , as it were in the eye”
Believed that the loss of a book was greater than the loss of a life for the book lives on as a distillation of human intellect.
Went blind at the age of 44

7. The Enlightenment
Begins with Charles II restored to the throne in 1660
John Dryden named England’s first poet laureate.
Theory of gravitation
Development of the microscope
Publication of the Dictionary

8. What was happening during this period?
1650- Taj Mahal completed
1660- Charles II crowned
1661- Louis XIV begins the Palace at Versailles
1665- plague ravages London, killing 1/3 of the population
1666- Great Fire of London- lasted 4 days
13,200 homes destroyed
4 river bridges
Newgate and several other prisons destroyed

9. James II time period 1685- Charles II dies and James II crowned
1682- La Salle claims Louisiana for France
1683- Ottoman Turks besiege Vienna
1697 – Ashanti Empire formed in Africa

10. The Glorious Revolution
1688- James II – a Catholic – deposed, and William III and Mary II accede to the throne.
Mary was Jame’s Protestant daughter and consort to the Dutch Prince William of Orange
1707= The Act of the Union establishes the state of Great Britain, composed of England and Scotland. Wales had been a part of England since the mid 1500s.

11. Sir Christopher Wren and St. Paul’s Cathedral
604- original built- ransacked by Vikings
962- more elaborated version erected
work underway in the grand Norman style- destroyed in the Great Fire
1710- Wren designed the one we see today
Cost- 2 million pounds

13. More history of the period
1714- Ruling house of Hanover founded by George I
1742-George Handel’s Messiah first performed
1746- defeat of Culloden Moor ends Jacobite Rebellion
1750-London is the largest city in Europe
1752- Britain adopts the Gregorian calendar
1756- Seven Year’s War begins in Europe
1757- Victory at Plassey begins British rule of India
1759-Voltaire completes Candide
1762- Catherine II becomes ruler of Russia

14. More History of the period
1775- American Revolution begins

15. Authors and their Works
1667- Milton – Paradise Lost
1678- Bunyan – Pilgrim’s Progress
1668- Samuel Pepys diary
1711- The Spectator first published
1714 – Pope- The Rape of the Lock – (mock epic)
1719- Defoe – Robinson Crusoe
1726 – Swift – Gulliver’s Travels
1729- Swift – A Modest Proposal
1755 – Samuel Johnson publishes A Dictionary of the English Language

16. NEOCLASSICISM
18TH CENTURY Diests believe that God manifests himself not through the Bible or supernatural forces, but through the grandeur of his creation. Therefore, the way to know God is to use reason and observation, to study the laws that govern the physical universe. This way of thinking led to a creative outburst of scientific inquiry and intellectual freedom that was unprecedented in the Western world.

17. Scientific Inquiry Francis Bacon – astronomer Robert Boyle – chemist
Edmund Halley – astronomer
Isaac Newton- physics, math, and astronomy
Admiration of the ancient Greeks and classics

18. Why It Matters
The thinkers of the English Enlightenment helped to shape the ideals of the American Revolution and the U.S. Government. John Locke’s theory of natural rights is a key element in the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Hobbes influenced the writers of the Federalist Papers, a series of articles supporting ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

19. Why it Matters, cont.
Laid the foundation for a modern worldview based on rationalism and secularism. Widespread use of the scientific method.
Rights of the individual paved the way for the rise of democracy in the 1800s and 1900s.
Pilgrim leader William Bradford advocated the use of a plain style that became an enduring influence on American literature.

20. Why it matters, page 3
John Milton’s Satan in Paradise Lost is an archetypal rebel who influenced such characters as the monster in Frankenstein and Captain Ahab in Moby Dick.
Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels has added several words to the English language, such as Lillipution (tiny) and Yahoo (crude person).