1. CE 453 – Horizontal / vertical reference systems and mapping

2. How Long was the route you designed? Were the coordinates based on the: International foot? ( 1m= 3.2808399 ft) (1 ft = 0.3048 m) or the Surveyor’s foot (1 m = 3.2808333 ft) (1m = 39.37”)

3. What difference would that make? Effect over 20 miles 0.21 feet (check it out) Effect across the State of Iowa ~ 3.2 feet

4. How long was the route you designed? Were the distances measured along horizontal planes, spheroidal surfaces, geodetic surfaces, or Ellipsoidal surfaces?

5. How high was the route you designed? Were elevations from datums established in 1927 or in 1988?

6. U.S. Reference datums - horizontal for State Plane coordinate conversions NAD27 Clark ellipsoid of 1866 (ft) NAD831980 GRS ellipsoid (metric) Later systems/sources include: World Geodetic System(1984) High Accuracy Reference System(HARN) International Terrestial Reference Frame Continuously Operating Reference Stations

7. Computing State Plane coordinates: Lambert projection 10 Equations to determine zone constants - Basic components Ellipsoid major axis Eccentricity Grid origin (Latitude and longitude of the zone) Spot coordinates (latitude and longitude) False northing and easting of zone

8. Mapping and data reference systems The following sequence of slides is intended to introduce various data reference systems. Several slides were obtained form a presentation from David Doyle, National Geodetic Survey

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