2. Chemistry Rev 012312

5. A singularity expanded rapidly to form the beginnings of our universe. The universe began to cool and the wavelengths of light became too long for us to see. And so the universe appeared black.

6. Soon, particles began to form. Quarks and electrons, and eventually protons and neutrons.

7. Eventually glowing clouds of hydrogen gas form, along with young stars.

8. You are here Galaxies form

9. A small yellow star in the corner of the Milky Way Galaxy develops a following of rocky planets and gas giants.

10. One planet in particular exhibits the potential for life.

11. It has water and eventually develops oxygen

12. Earth is in the Goldilocks spot. Everything is “just right” for …

13. Chemistry

14. Life abounds

15. Scientists have found complex chemical compounds throughout the universe.

16. Chemistry

17. everything in the universe is all about

18. Everything in the universe Matter Energy is either or

19. Matter Energy and are equivalent E=mc 2

20. Matter Energy E=mc 2

21. Matter Energy E=mc 2

22. Chemistry

23. Matter Is anything that has mass, and takes up space.

24. Matter Physical Properties Chemical Properties

25. … are all about chemical changes 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2 H 2 O(g)

29. Chemical Properties 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2 H 2 O(g) Hydrogen and oxygen are stored in the external fuel tank. They react to produce water vapor, which exits at the nozzles.

30. Chemical Properties 3Al(s) + 3NH 4 ClO 4 (s)  In the solid rocket boosters (SRB’s) aluminum metal reacts with ammonium chlorate. Al 2 O 3 (s) + AlCl 3 (s) + 3NO(g) + 6H 2 O(g)

31. Chemical Properties 3Al(s) + 3NH 4 ClO 4 (s)  And of course, heat is released. Al 2 O 3 (s) + AlCl 3 (s) + 3NO(g) + 6H 2 O(g) Most chemical changes are accompanied by energy changes.

32. Chemical Properties Flammability … are those that influence the way substances react to form new substances. Acidity Reactivity

33. Physical Properties … are things we can measure…. mathematically

34. Physical Properties Mass Volume Density Melting point Boiling point Physical properties are things we can quantify.

35. ColorColor Odor HardnessMalleability Ductility Specific heat capacity Physical Properties Conductivity Solubility

36. There is a fine line between chemical changes and physical properties. Many physical properties involve chemical changes. The value of the solubility of a salt is a physical property, but the process of dissolving is a chemical change.

37. Matter … has three physical states solid liquid gas

38. Changes in the physical state involve subtle chemical changes. solid liquid gas

39. Energy is absorbed or released as intermolecular bonds are broken or formed. solid liquid gas

40. The degree to which the molecules interact determines if a substance is a solid, liquid or gas. solid liquid gas

41. In a solid, the molecules are close together in an orderly arrangement, with very high intermolecular attraction. solid liquid gas

42. In a liquid the molecules are farther apart but move about in a random fashion, with a high degree of attraction. solid liquid gas

43. In a gas, the molecules are much farther apart, move randomly, with very little attraction between molecules. solid liquid gas

44. Matter can be classified as either a mixture pure substance or

45. pure substance Has definite composition. Compounds or Elements

46. An element is one of the basic building blocks of nature. There are 88 to 90 naturally occurring elements.

47. An element is one of the basic building blocks of nature. Elements are distinguished by the different numbers of protons in their nuclei.

48. Elements are represented by symbols. H N O C Ne Al Fe U Compounds are represented by groups of symbols. NaCl H2OH2O C 12 H 22 O 11 Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3

49. A compound is the chemical combination of two or more atoms. Compounds have a definite composition.

50. Water is the same everywhere in the universe. Water is always H 2 O. There are no water molecules anywhere with a different composition.

51. Water is H 2 O. Hydrogen peroxide is H 2 O 2 and OH is the hydroxyl radical. They contain the same elements, but in different ratios. Water, hydrogen peroxide and the hydroxyl radical all have different chemical and physical properties.

52. Water is H 2 O. Hydrogen peroxide is H 2 O 2 and OH is the hydroxyl radical. Demo: To two beakers each containing a solution of KMnO 4, add equal amounts of water to one and H 2 O 2 to the other. To the solution of KMnO 4 and water, add H 2 SO 4 and then add H 2 O 2, preferably on a magnetic stirrer.

53. What are some other elements that you are familiar with? Do you know any more formulas for chemical compounds?

54. mixture Composed of two or more pure substances with no definite composition. Describe something that is a mixture.

55. mixture heterogeneous homogeneous See the individual components Appears to be uniform A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

56. A solution contains a solute and a solvent. The solute is what is dissolved …. sugar. The solvent is what does the dissolving - …..water.

57. Sugar and water are both pure substances. C 12 H 22 O 11 and H 2 O They each have their own definite composition.

58. Sugar and water are both pure substances. C 12 H 22 O 11 and H 2 O They can be mixed in almost any proportion to make a solution.

59. A solution is a homogeneous mixture that is uniform throughout. Once dissolved, you won’t be able to see the sugar in the solution.

60. But unlike a compound, the mixture can be easily separated back into water and sugar. Suggest a method for doing that.

61. But the water and sugar themselves cannot be separated into the elements by physical means. To do that requires…

62. Chemistry

63. Let’s review

64. How are matter and energy related?

65. Matter Energy and are equivalent E=mc 2

66. How do we describe matter?

67. Matter Is anything that has mass, and takes up space.

68. What does matter consist of?

69. Matter Consists of atoms which combine to form molecules.

70. What are some properties of mater?

71. Matter Physical Properties Chemical Properties

72. … are those that influence the way substances react to form new substances. Flammability Acidity Reactivity

73. Physical Properties … are things we can measure…. mathematically

74. What are some physical properties?

75. Physical Properties Mass Volume Density Melting point Boiling point Phase changes are subtle chemical changes.

76. ColorColor Odor HardnessMalleability Ductility Specific heat capacity Physical Properties Conductivity Solubility

77. What are pure substances?

78. pure substance Something that cannot be broken into simpler substances by physical means. Compounds or Elements

79. What is a mixture?

80. mixture Composed of two or more pure substances with no definite composition.

81. mixture heterogeneous homogeneous See the individual components Appears to be uniform A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

82. What is a solution?

83. A solution contains a solute and a solvent. The solute is what is dissolved - sugar. The solvent is what does the dissolving - water.

84. A solution is a homogeneous mixture that is uniform throughout. Once dissolved, you won’t be able to see the sugar in the solution.

85. What is the study of matter and energy and the connection between the two?

86. Chemistry

87. Copyright 2012 Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC 28721 All rights reserved.