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POETRY 101
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Allusion reference to history, culture, mythology, etc. that the author expects you to recognize and understand Example: Garden of Eden
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Alliteration repetition of consonant sounds in words close to one another Example: Careless cars cutting corners create confusion. Crossing centrelines. Countless collisions cost coffins. Collect conscious change. Copy? Continue cautiously. Comply? Cool.
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Assonance repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close together Example: all the night tide I lay down by my side
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Consonance the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in short succession Example: pitter patter
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Sonnet lyric poem of fourteen lines and strict meter Shakespearean/English sonnet: follows rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg Petrarchan/Italian Sonnets: follows rhyme scheme abba abba ccde ed (or something similar)
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Metaphor comparison between two unlike things without using like or as Example: I was a lonely cloud. EXTENDED metaphor: a metaphor that continues into the following lines (sometimes referred to as a conceit)
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Simile comparison of two unlike things typically using like or as Example: I was lonely like a cloud.
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Personification attributing human qualities to non human things Example: Misery loves company.
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Onomatopoeia the use of a word whose sound imitates its meaning Example: a thin whine of wires, a rattling and flapping of leaves
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Hyperbole extreme exaggeration Example: his words pounded like the hooves of a thousand horses
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Understatement expression of less strength than what would be expected Example: “It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.” (from The Catcher in the Rye)
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Paradox A statement that appears to contradict itself Example: “The swiftest traveler is he that goes afoot." (Henry David Thoreau, Walden) “Some day you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again.“ C.S.Lewis
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Rhythm alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in language; can also be created by rhyme, repetition, pauses, variations in line length, and balancing of long and short words and phrase Free verse — no regular rhythm or rhyme schemes
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Cadence Balanced, rhythmic flow of poetry Example: So strong you thump, O terrible drums—so loud you bugles blow.
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Rhyme scheme pattern of rhymed lines determined by assigning a letter to each new sound Example: Once upon a midnight dreary, a while I pondered, weak and weary, a Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore— b While I nodded, nearly napping, c suddenly there came a tapping, c As of some one gently rapping, c rapping at my chamber door. b “’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, d “tapping at my chamber door— b Only this and nothing more.” b
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Foot A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables believe (iamb stressed/unstressed) mercy (trochee unstressed/stressed) understand (anapest 2 unstressed/ 1 stressed) meter –pattern determined by type and number of feet in the line
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Internal rhyme rhyme occurs within a line Example: the grains beyond age, the dark veins of her mother
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End Rhyme Rhyme that occurs in the last syllables of verses Example: Under my window, a clean rasping sound When the spade sinks into gravelly ground (from Seamus Heaney’s “Digging”)
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Slant or Approximate rhyme words sound similar but do not rhyme exactly Example: …with madman’s flash famishing for flesh
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Imagery descriptive words that appeal to the five senses When all aloud the wind doth blow And coughing drowns the parson’s saw And birds sit brooding in the snow And Marian’s nose looks red and raw, When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl, Then nightly sings the staring owl, “Tu Whit, Tu Who!” a merry note, While greasy Joan doth keep the pot. --Love’s Labours Lost
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Parallel Structure similar grammatical structure within a line or lines of poetry. Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking the spheres to connect them.
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Catalog A list of items, people, places, or things in poetry In Song of Myself, Whitman uses a catalog of all that he sees — people of all ages, all walks of life, in the city and in the country, by the mountain and by the sea. Even animals are included. And the poet not only loves them all, he is part of them all.
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& of course... don’t forget Tone Diction Syntax Repetition (and all of the other literary terms we have discussed!)
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