1. How many animals do we need to save?

2. How Many Animals Do We Want to Save? The Many Ways of Setting Population Target Levels for Conservation ERIC W. SANDERSON November 2006 / Vol. 56 No. 11 BioScience 911

3. Extinction Vortex A population of a few individuals cannot survive

4. Can a number of individuals be set?

5. Fewest number of individuals for an area, but fewest number for what?

6. Can a number of individuals be set? Extreme examples: Ecotourism want the largest possible population Mining or Agriculture would like none or somewhere else…NIMBY

7. What are the consequences of setting the wrong number? Too high Too low

8. Can a number of individuals be set? Scientists are reluctant to set a specific number Policymakers want information from scientists

9. What are the consequences of setting the wrong number? Subjective values meets objective science

10. http://www.forwolves.org/ralph/historical.html Yellowstone area wolf packs 2004 How many wolves should be in Yellowstone NP

11. How many tigers does the world need? None?

12. What criteria do we use to set limits? Money Land Development

13. What criteria do we use to set limits? Money Land Development Who benefits? Animals- what is the minimum number for sustainable survival

14. What criteria do we use to set limits? Money Land Development Who benefits? Animals- what is the minimum number for sustainable survival Ecosystem- What is the minimum number to maintain a healthy ecosystem?

16. What criteria do we use to set limits? Money Land Development Who benefits? Animals- what is the minimum number for sustainable survival Ecosystem- What is the minimum number to maintain a healthy ecosystem? Humans- How many do we need to derive some beneifit?

17. Who benefits? Animals- what is the minimum number for sustainable survival?  Genetic Diversity

18. Who benefits? Ecosystem- What is the minimum number to maintain a healthy ecosystem?  Density may be more important than total number

19. Who benefits? Ecosystem- What is the minimum number to maintain a healthy ecosystem?  Density may be more important than total number  Manage population and monitor effects on ecosystem

20. Who benefits? Ecosystem- What is the minimum number to maintain a healthy ecosystem?  Density may be more important than total number  Manage population and monitor effects on ecosystem  Some species may be used to monitor health of overall ecosystem

22. Who benefits? Humans- How many do we need to derive some beneifit?  Total eradication may be goal- mosquitos

23. Who benefits? Humans- How many do we need to derive some beneifit?  Total eradication may be goal- mosquitos  Ecotourism/Tourism

24. Who benefits? Humans- How many do we need to derive some beneifit?  Total eradication may be goal- mosquitos  Ecotourism/Tourism  Harvest sustainable population

25. Who benefits? Humans- How many do we need to derive some beneifit?  Total eradication may be goal- mosquitos  Ecotourism/Tourism  Harvest sustainable population  Ecosystem benefits- seed dispersal, pollinators, nutrient recycling

26. Who benefits? Humans- How many do we need to derive some beneifit?  Total eradication may be goal- mosquitos  Ecotourism/Tourism  Harvest sustainable population  Ecosystem benefits- seed dispersal, pollinators, nutrient recycling These functions cannot practically or economically be carried out by humans

28. Who benefits? Humans- How many do we need to derive some beneifit?  Total eradication may be goal- mosquitos  Ecotourism/Tourism  Harvest sustainable population  Ecosystem benefits  Cultural, Aesthetic, Spiritual

29. How many animals do we want to save?

30. Complex interactions of science, economics, and ethics.

31. How many animals do we want to save? Complex interactions of science, economics, and ethics. If a number is set, it may stay static as conditions change.

32. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution:

33. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution: Minimum Viable Population- number of individuals that allows animals to exist free from human interference.

34. How many animals do we want to save? Most of human history includes critical and profound interactions with other organisms. That is now diminished or gone.

35. How many animals do we want to save? Most of human history includes critical and profound interactions with other organisms. That is now diminished or gone.

36. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution- multilayered approach: 1.Demographic sustainability

37. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution- multilayered approach: 1.Demographic Sustainability 2.Ecological Functions (includes ability to freely evolve)

38. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution- multilayered approach: 1.Demographic Sustainability 2.Ecological Functions 3.Human Use and Interactions

39. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution- multilayered approach: 1.Demographic Sustainability 2.Ecological Functions 3.Human Use and Interactions 4.Can we return animals to levels that existed before humans had a negative impact?

40. Instead of a single number…A number for each level can be determined. How many animals do we want to save? 1.Demographic Sustainability 2.Ecological Functions 3.Human Use and Interactions 4.Can we return animals to levels that existed before humans had a negative impact?

41. How many animals do we need to save?

42. http://wisdomquarterly.blogspot.com/2008/07/painful-facts-dukkha.html Skills needed for the exams:

43. http://wisdomquarterly.blogspot.com/2008/07/painful-facts-dukkha.html 1. Understand material from lecture. Quizzes can help diagnose. Be self-critical and skeptical. Skills needed for the exams:

44. 1. Understand material from lecture. 2. Be able to apply the information. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDbSbOsoRnY Skills needed for the exams:

45. http://wisdomquarterly.blogspot.com/2008/07/painful-facts-dukkha.html 2. Be able to apply the information. Lecture is presented linearly, but applying the information may mean seeing it non- linearly. Skills needed for the exams:

46. http://wisdomquarterly.blogspot.com/2008/07/painful-facts-dukkha.html 3. Communicate what you know. If I answered your question with what you wrote down, would it make sense? Skills needed for the exams:

47. 1. Understand material from lecture. 2. Be able to apply the information. 3. Communicate what you know. Skills needed for the exams: http://www.mac-pac.org/temp/motivation.html